William Howard Taft IV (born September 13, 1945) is an attorney who has served in the United States government under several Republican administrations.William Howard Taft faced the difficult task as President of living up to the legacy of Theodore Roosevelt. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. "William Taft."As president, Taft's domestic policy was dominated by vigorous anti-trust legislation while his foreign policy was dominated by the Dollar Diplomacy. Post presidency Taft became the Chief Justice of the...Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position he held until a...Taft succeeded Theodore Roosevelt in 1909 as the 27th President, only to lose a bitter re-election bid in 1912. But eight years later, Taft achieved his life's dream to became Chief Justice of the United...
William Taft | Miller Center
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 - March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States (1909 to 1913), following Theodore Roosevelt and …As president, Taft aggressively fought against the trusts which were dominating American markets. Taft was fine. He wasn't really a great President, but he was adequate. It seems that the biggest...In "President Taft is Stuck in the Bath," Taft isn't just overweight, but morbidly obese, red-faced and But the maid and seamstress started working in the president's house 10 years after Taft, for whom...President William Howard Taft Antique Patriotic Graphic Art Illustration Print. President william howard taft antique patriotic graphic art illustration print.
10 Major Accomplishments of William Howard Taft | Learnodo Newtonic
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 - March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909-1913) and the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921-1930), the only person to have held both offices.Taft became President after Roosevelt. While agreeing with the overall policies of the Roosevelt administration, Taft felt that the power of the Presidency had been extended too far by the previous...President William Howard Taft resources including biography, election results, Supreme Court career, photographs, and trivia. The Life of President William Howard Taft.After President Taft served his one term, He wasn't quite ready to close the door On his career President Taft served one term, between 1909 and 1913. During his time at the White House, rumors...President Taft attended Yale and climbed the political ladder through his knowledge of the law. Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt appointed him to political positions that eventually led to his...
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William Howard Taft27th President of the United StatesIn officeMarch 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913Vice President James S. Sherman(1909–1912) None (1912–1913)[a]Preceded viaTheodore RooseveltSucceeded viaWoodrow Wilson10th Chief Justice of the United StatesIn workplaceJuly 11, 1921 – February 3, 1930Nominated byWarren G. HardingPreceded viaEdward Douglass WhiteSucceeded by way ofCharles Evans Hughes42nd United States Secretary of WarIn officeFebruary 1, 1904 – June 30, 1908PresidentTheodore RooseveltPreceded viaElihu RootSucceeded byLuke Edward Wright1st Provisional Governor of CubaIn workplaceSeptember 29, 1906 – October 13, 1906Appointed by way ofTheodore RooseveltPreceded by way ofTomás Estrada Palma(as President)Succeeded by way ofCharles Edward MagoonGovernor-General of the PhilippinesIn workplaceJuly 4, 1901 – December 23, 1903Appointed viaWilliam McKinleyPreceded viaArthur MacArthur, Jr.(as Military Governor)Succeeded viaLuke Edward WrightJudge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth CircuitIn workplaceMarch 17, 1892 – March 15, 1900Appointed by means ofBenjamin HarrisonPreceded throughSeat establishedSucceeded byHenry Franklin Severens6th Solicitor General of the United StatesIn officeFebruary 4, 1890 – March 20, 1892[1]PresidentBenjamin HarrisonPreceded byOrlow W. ChapmanSucceeded byCharles H. AldrichPersonal detailsBornSeptember 15, 1857Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.DiedMarch 8, 1930 (aged 72)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting positionArlington National CemeteryPolitical occasionRepublicanSpouse(s)Helen Herron (m. 1886)Children Robert Helen CharlesOldsters Alphonso Taft Louise TorreyRelativesTaft familyEducation Yale University (BA) University of Cincinnati (LLB)Signature
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only particular person to have held both offices. Taft used to be elected president in 1908, the selected successor of Theodore Roosevelt, however was defeated for reelection through Woodrow Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt cut up the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position he held till a month prior to his loss of life.
Taft was once born in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, was a U.S. Attorney General and Secretary of War. Taft attended Yale and joined the Skull and Bones, of which his father was once a founding member. After changing into a lawyer, Taft was appointed a judge while nonetheless in his twenties. He endured a fast upward push, being named Solicitor General and a judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. In 1901, President William McKinley appointed Taft civilian governor of the Philippines. In 1904, Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and he turned into Roosevelt's hand-picked successor. Despite his personal ambition to grow to be chief justice, Taft declined repeated gives of appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States, believing his political paintings to be extra essential.
With Roosevelt's help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908 and easily defeated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency in that November's election. In the White House, he thinking about East Asia more than European affairs and time and again intervened to prop up or take away Latin American governments. Taft sought reductions to trade price lists, then a significant supply of governmental source of revenue, however the resulting bill was once heavily influenced through special interests. His administration was filled with battle between the Republican Party's conservative wing, with which Taft continuously sympathized, and its modern wing, toward which Roosevelt moved increasingly more. Controversies over conservation and antitrust instances filed by the Taft management served to additional separate the two males. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912. Taft used his control of the celebration machinery to gain a naked majority of delegates and Roosevelt bolted the occasion. The cut up left Taft with little chance of reelection and he took only Utah and Vermont in Wilson's victory.
After leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, proceeding his political task and dealing towards struggle through the League to Enforce Peace. In 1921, Harding appointed Taft chief justice, an workplace he had long sought. Chief Justice Taft was once a conservative on trade issues and beneath him there have been advances in person rights. In poor health, he resigned in February 1930, and died the following month. He was once buried at Arlington National Cemetery, the primary president and first Supreme Court justice to be interred there. Taft is usually listed close to the center in historians' rankings of U.S. presidents.
Early life and training
Yale College photograph of TaftWilliam Howard Taft used to be born September 15, 1857, in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Alphonso Taft and Louise Torrey.[2] The Taft circle of relatives was no longer rich, living in a modest home within the suburb of Mount Auburn. Alphonso served as a pass judgement on, an ambassador, and as War Secretary and Attorney General below President Ulysses S. Grant.[3]
William Taft was now not observed as brilliant as a child, however used to be a troublesome employee; his challenging parents driven him and his 4 brothers towards luck, tolerating nothing less. He attended Woodward High School in Cincinnati. At Yale College, which he entered in 1874, the heavyset, jovial Taft was widespread and an intramural heavyweight wrestling champion. One classmate said he succeeded through laborious work rather than through being the neatest, and had integrity.[4][5] He was elected a member of Skull and Bones, the Yale secret society co-founded by way of his father, considered one of 3 long term presidents (with George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush) to be a member.[6] In 1878, Taft graduated 2nd in his elegance of 121.[7] He attended Cincinnati Law School,[8] and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1880. While in law faculty, he worked on The Cincinnati Commercial newspaper,[7] edited by way of Murat Halstead. Taft used to be assigned to hide the native courts, and in addition frolicked reading law in his father's workplace; each activities gave him sensible knowledge of the law that was no longer taught at school. Shortly prior to graduating from legislation college, Taft went to Columbus to take the bar examination and simply passed.[9]
Rise in authorities (1880–1908)
Ohio lawyer and pass judgement onAfter admission to the Ohio bar, Taft devoted himself to his task on the Commercial full-time. Halstead was once prepared to take him on completely at an increased wage if he would surrender the legislation, however Taft declined. In October 1880, Taft used to be appointed assistant prosecutor for Hamilton County (the place Cincinnati is situated), and took office the following January. Taft served for a yr as assistant prosecutor, trying his percentage of regimen cases.[10] He resigned in January 1882 after President Chester A. Arthur appointed him Collector of Internal Revenue for Ohio's First District, an area focused on Cincinnati.[11] Taft refused to push aside competent workers who were politically out of favor, and resigned efficient in March 1883, writing to Arthur that he wanted to begin personal observe in Cincinnati.[12] In 1884, Taft campaigned for the Republican candidate for president, Maine Senator James G. Blaine, who lost to New York Governor Grover Cleveland.[13]
In 1887, Taft, then elderly 29, was once appointed to a vacancy at the Superior Court of Cincinnati via Governor Joseph B. Foraker. The appointment was just right for just over a yr, after which he would have to face the voters, and in April 1888, he sought election for the first of thrice in his lifetime, the opposite two being for the presidency. He was once elected to a complete five-year time period. Some two dozen of Taft's opinions as a state judge survive, the most significant being Moores & Co. v. Bricklayers' Union No. 1[b] (1889) if solely because it was once used towards him when he ran for president in 1908. The case involved bricklayers who refused to work for any company that dealt with an organization known as Parker Brothers, with which they had been in dispute. Taft dominated that the union's action amounted to a secondary boycott, which was once unlawful.[14]
It is not transparent when Taft met Helen Herron (incessantly referred to as Nellie), however it was once no later than 1880, when she mentioned in her diary receiving an invitation to a social gathering from him. By 1884, they were meeting frequently, and in 1885, after an preliminary rejection, she agreed to marry him. The wedding came about on the Herron home on June 19, 1886. William Taft remained dedicated to his wife all over their nearly Forty four years of marriage. Nellie Taft pushed her husband much as his parents had, and he or she may well be very frank along with her criticisms.[15][16] The couple had three children, of whom the eldest, Robert, turned into a U.S. senator.[2]
Solicitor GeneralThere was a seat vacant on the U.S. Supreme Court in 1889, and Governor Foraker advised President Harrison appoint Taft to fill it. Taft was once 32 and his skilled objective was at all times a seat at the Supreme Court. He actively sought the appointment, writing to Foraker to induce the governor to press his case, whilst stating to others it was once not going he would get it. Instead, in 1890, Harrison appointed him Solicitor General of the United States. When Taft arrived in Washington in February 1890, the workplace had been vacant two months, with the work piling up. He labored to eliminate the backlog, whilst concurrently instructing himself on federal legislation and procedure he had now not needed as an Ohio state judge.[17]
New York Senator William M. Evarts, a former Secretary of State, had been a classmate of Alphonso Taft at Yale.[c] Evarts referred to as to peer his good friend's son once Taft took workplace, and William and Nellie Taft were launched into Washington society. Nellie Taft was formidable for herself and her husband, and used to be frustrated when the folks he socialized with maximum have been principally Supreme Court justices, somewhat than the arbiters of Washington society reminiscent of Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay, Henry Cabot Lodge and their better halves.[18]
Although Taft used to be a hit as Solicitor General, winning 15 of the 18 cases he argued prior to the Supreme Court,[2] he was once satisfied when in March 1891, the United States Congress created a brand new judgeship for each of the United States Courts of Appeal and Harrison appointed him to the Sixth Circuit, based totally in Cincinnati. In March 1892, Taft resigned as Solicitor General to resume his judicial career.[19]
Federal pass judgement onTaft's federal judgeship was once a lifetime appointment, and one from which promotion to the Supreme Court might come. Taft's older half-brother Charles, successful in industry, supplemented Taft's authorities wage, allowing William and Nellie Taft and their circle of relatives to live in convenience. Taft's duties concerned hearing trials in the circuit, which included Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and taking part with Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan, the circuit justice, and judges of the Sixth Circuit in listening to appeals. Taft spent these years, from 1892 to 1900, in private and professional contentment.[20]
According to historian Louis L. Gould, "while Taft shared the fears about social unrest that dominated the middle classes during the 1890s, he was not as conservative as his critics believed. He supported the right of labor to organize and strike, and he ruled against employers in several negligence cases."[2] Among those was once Voight v. Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Co.[d] Taft's choice for a employee injured in a railway accident violated the contemporary doctrine of liberty of contract, and he was once reversed via the Supreme Court.[e] On the opposite hand, Taft's opinion in United States v. Addyston Pipe and Steel Co.[f] used to be upheld unanimously via the high courtroom.[g] Taft's opinion, in which he held that a pipe producers' association had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act,[21] was described by means of Henry Pringle, his biographer, as having "definitely and specifically revived" that law.[22]
In 1896, Taft was dean and Professor of Property at his alma mater, the Cincinnati Law School, a publish that required him to prepare and provides two hour-long lectures every week.[23] He used to be dedicated to his regulation college, and was deeply dedicated to legal training, introducing the case option to the curriculum.[24] As a federal judge, Taft could no longer contain himself with politics, however followed it intently, closing a Republican supporter. He watched with some disbelief because the campaign of Ohio Governor William McKinley advanced in 1894 and 1895, writing "I cannot find anybody in Washington who wants him".[24] By March 1896, Taft learned that McKinley would likely be nominated, and was once lukewarm in his enhance. He landed solidly in McKinley's camp after former Nebraska consultant William Jennings Bryan in July stampeded the 1896 Democratic National Convention with his Cross of Gold speech. Bryan, each in that deal with and in his campaign, strongly advocated loose silver, a policy that Taft saw as financial radicalism. Taft feared that individuals would hoard gold in anticipation of a Bryan victory, but he may do not anything however concern. McKinley used to be elected; when a place on the Supreme Court opened in 1898, the one one below McKinley, the president named Joseph McKenna.[25]
From the Nineties until his demise, Taft performed a major role within the global prison community. He was active in lots of organizations, used to be a pacesetter in the international arbitration movement, and taught global legislation at the Yale Law School.[26] One of the reasons for his bitter destroy with Roosevelt in 1910–12 was Roosevelt's insistence that arbitration was once naïve and that only conflict could make a decision main world disputes.[27]
Philippine years Sultan Jamalul Kiram II with William Howard Taft of the Philippine Commission in Jolo, Sulu (March 27, 1901)In January 1900, Taft used to be referred to as to Washington to satisfy with McKinley. Taft hoped a Supreme Court appointment was in the works, but as an alternative McKinley sought after to place Taft on the fee to organize a civilian authorities within the Philippines. The appointment will require Taft's resignation from the bench; the president assured him that if he fulfilled this task, McKinley would appoint him to the next emptiness on the high court docket. Taft authorised on condition he was once made head of the commission, with duty for success or failure; McKinley agreed, and Taft sailed for the islands in April 1900.[28]
The American takeover meant the Philippine Revolution bled into the Philippine–American War, as Filipinos fought for his or her independence, but U.S. forces, led by way of military governor General Arthur MacArthur Jr.[h] had the upper hand via 1900. MacArthur felt the fee was once a nuisance, and their undertaking a quixotic attempt to impose self-government on a folks unready for it. The total was compelled to co-operate with Taft, as McKinley had given the commission keep watch over over the islands' army price range.[29] The commission took executive energy in the Philippines on September 1, 1900; on July 4, 1901, Taft become civilian governor. MacArthur, until then the military governor, used to be relieved by way of General Adna Chaffee, who was once designated only as commander of American forces.[30]
Taft sought to make the Filipinos companions in a mission that will lead to their self-government; he noticed independence as something a long time off. Many Americans within the Philippines seen the locals as racial inferiors, however Taft wrote quickly sooner than his arrival, "we propose to banish this idea from their minds".[31] Taft didn't impose racial segregation at authentic occasions, and treated the Filipinos as social equals.[32] Nellie Taft recalled that "neither politics nor race should influence our hospitality in any way".[33]
McKinley was assassinated in September 1901, and used to be succeeded by means of Theodore Roosevelt. Taft and Roosevelt had first develop into buddies around 1890 while Taft was once Solicitor General and Roosevelt a member of the Civil Service Commission. Taft had, after McKinley's election, steered the appointment of Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and watched as Roosevelt turned into a warfare hero, Governor of New York, and Vice President of the United States. They met once more when Taft went to Washington in January 1902 to get better after two operations led to through an an infection.[34] There, Taft testified before the Senate Committee at the Philippines. Taft sought after Filipino farmers to have a stake in the new authorities thru land possession, however a lot of the arable land was once held by means of Catholic non secular orders of most commonly Spanish monks, which have been ceaselessly resented by means of the Filipinos. Roosevelt had Taft go to Rome to negotiate with Pope Leo XIII, to purchase the lands and to organize the withdrawal of the Spanish clergymen, with Americans changing them and coaching locals as clergy. Taft did not succeed in resolving these issues on his visit to Rome, however an settlement on each issues used to be made in 1903.[35]
In past due 1902, Taft had heard from Roosevelt that a seat at the Supreme Court would quickly fall vacant on the resignation of Justice George Shiras, and Roosevelt desired that Taft fill it. Although this was once Taft's professional purpose, he refused as he felt his paintings as governor was no longer but done.[36] The following yr, Roosevelt requested Taft to transform Secretary of War. As the War Department administered the Philippines, Taft would remain chargeable for the islands, and Elihu Root, the incumbent, was willing to put off his departure till 1904, permitting Taft time to wrap up his paintings in Manila. After consulting with his circle of relatives, Taft agreed, and sailed for the United States in December 1903.[37]
Secretary of War Roosevelt introduces Taft as his crown prince: Puck magazine cover, 1906.When Taft took office as Secretary of War in January 1904, he was not known as upon to spend a lot time administering the army, which the president was content material to do himself—Roosevelt wanted Taft as a troubleshooter in tough scenarios, as a legal adviser, and so to give marketing campaign speeches as he sought election in his own appropriate. Taft strongly defended Roosevelt's document in his addresses, and wrote of the president's a hit but strenuous efforts to achieve election, "I would not run for president if you guaranteed the office. It is awful to be afraid of one's shadow."[38][39]
Between 1905 and 1907, Taft got here to phrases with the likelihood he will be the subsequent Republican nominee for president, despite the fact that he didn't plan to actively marketing campaign for it. When Justice Henry B. Brown resigned in 1905, Taft would now not settle for the seat despite the fact that Roosevelt introduced it, a place Taft held to when any other seat opened in 1906.[40]Edith Roosevelt, the First Lady, disliked the rising closeness between the 2 men, feeling that they have been an excessive amount of alike and that the president did not achieve much from the advice of somebody who hardly ever contradicted him.[41]
Alternatively, Taft sought after to be chief justice, and saved an in depth eye on the health of the growing older incumbent, Melville Fuller, who turned 75 in 1908. Taft believed Fuller prone to are living a few years. Roosevelt had indicated he was more likely to appoint Taft if the chance came to fill the court docket's middle seat, but some thought to be Attorney General Philander Knox a better candidate. In any event, Fuller remained leader justice during Roosevelt's presidency.[i][42]
Through the 1903 separation of Panama from Colombia and the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, the United States had secured rights to build a canal within the Isthmus of Panama. Legislation authorizing building didn't specify which government department could be accountable, and Roosevelt designated the Department of War. Taft journeyed to Panama in 1904, viewing the canal website and meeting with Panamanian officers. The Isthmian Canal Commission had trouble holding a main engineer, and when in February 1907 John F. Stevens submitted his resignation, Taft really useful a military engineer, George W. Goethals. Under Goethals, the challenge moved forward smoothly.[43]
Another colony lost by Spain in 1898 used to be Cuba, but as freedom for Cuba had been a major function of the struggle, it was not annexed by means of the U.S., but used to be, after a duration of profession, given independence in 1902. Election fraud and corruption adopted, as did factional conflict. In September 1906, President Tomás Estrada Palma asked for U.S. intervention. Taft traveled to Cuba with a small American drive, and on September 29, 1906, beneath the phrases of the Cuban–American Treaty of Relations of 1903, declared himself Provisional Governor of Cuba, a put up he held for two weeks prior to being succeeded by means of Charles Edward Magoon. In his time in Cuba, Taft worked to persuade Cubans that the U.S. meant steadiness, not occupation.[44]
Taft remained excited about Philippine affairs. During Roosevelt's election marketing campaign in 1904, he prompt that Philippine agricultural products be admitted to the U.S. without responsibility. This led to growers of U.S. sugar and tobacco to whinge to Roosevelt, who remonstrated together with his Secretary of War. Taft expressed unwillingness to switch his position, and threatened to renounce;[45] Roosevelt rapidly dropped the matter.[46] Taft returned to the islands in 1905, leading a delegation of congressmen, and once more in 1907, to open the primary Philippine Assembly.[47]
On either one of his Philippine journeys as Secretary of War, Taft went to Japan, and met with officials there.[48] The meeting in July 1905 came a month ahead of the Portsmouth Peace Conference, which would end the Russo-Japanese War with the Treaty of Portsmouth. Taft met with Japanese Prime Minister Katsura Tarō. After that meeting, the two signed a memorandum. It contained not anything new however instead reaffirmed respectable positions: Japan had no goal to invade the Philippines, and the U.S. that it did not object to Japanese keep an eye on of Korea.[49] There had been U.S. concerns about the number of Japanese laborers coming to the American West Coast, and all over Taft's second visit, in September 1907, Tadasu Hayashi, the foreign minister, informally agreed to issue fewer passports to them.[50]
Presidential election of 1908
See also: 1908 United States presidential election Gaining the nomination One of a series of candid photographs known as the Evolution of a Smile, taken just after a proper portrait session, as Taft learns through telephone from Roosevelt of his nomination for president.Roosevelt had served nearly 3 and a 1/2 years of McKinley's time period. On the night time of his own election in 1904, Roosevelt publicly declared he would not run for reelection in 1908, a pledge he briefly regretted. But he felt sure via his phrase. Roosevelt believed Taft was once his logical successor, although the War Secretary was once to start with reluctant to run.[51] Roosevelt used his keep watch over of the party machinery to help his inheritor obvious.[51] On ache of loss of their jobs, political appointees had been required to fortify Taft or remain silent.[52]
Numerous Republican politicians, corresponding to Treasury Secretary George Cortelyou, examined the waters for a run however selected to stay out. New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes ran, but when he made a big policy speech, Roosevelt the similar day sent a unique message to Congress warning in sturdy phrases in opposition to company corruption. The ensuing coverage of the presidential message relegated Hughes to the back pages.[53] Roosevelt reluctantly deterred repeated makes an attempt to draft him for another term.[54]
Assistant Postmaster General Frank H. Hitchcock resigned from his workplace in February 1908 to steer the Taft effort.[55] In April, Taft made a speaking tour, touring as some distance west as Omaha before being recalled to go to Panama and straighten out a contested election. At the 1908 Republican National Convention in Chicago in June, there used to be no critical opposition to him, and he gained a first-ballot victory. Yet Taft didn't have issues his personal method: he had hoped his running mate could be a midwestern revolutionary like Iowa Senator Jonathan Dolliver, however as a substitute the conference named Congressman James S. Sherman of New York, a conservative. Taft resigned as Secretary of War on June 30 to devote himself full-time to the marketing campaign.[56][57]
General election marketing campaignTaft's opponent within the general election was once Bryan, the Democratic nominee for the 0.33 time in four presidential elections. As many of Roosevelt's reforms stemmed from proposals via Bryan, the Democrat argued that he used to be the real heir to Roosevelt's mantle. Corporate contributions to federal political campaigns were outlawed by means of the 1907 Tillman Act, and Bryan proposed that contributions via officials and administrators of companies be in a similar fashion banned, or no less than disclosed when made. Taft was once only keen to peer the contributions disclosed after the election, and tried to make certain that officials and administrators of firms litigating with the government were not among his contributors.[58]
1908 Taft/Sherman posterTaft began the campaign at the fallacious foot, fueling the arguments of those who stated he was once no longer his own man by means of touring to Roosevelt's home at Sagamore Hill for advice on his acceptance speech, saying that he wanted "the President's judgment and criticism".[59] Taft supported maximum of Roosevelt's policies. He argued that hard work had a right to arrange, however now not boycott, and that companies and the rich must additionally obey the regulation. Bryan sought after the railroads to be owned by way of the government, however Taft most popular that they remain in the private sector, with their most charges set by way of the Interstate Commerce Commission, matter to judicial evaluation. Taft attributed blame for the hot recession, the Panic of 1907, to stock hypothesis and different abuses, and felt some reform of the currency (the U.S. was once at the gold usual) used to be had to permit flexibility in the authorities's reaction to poor financial occasions, that exact legislation on trusts was once had to supplement the Sherman Antitrust Act, and that the charter must be amended to permit for an income tax, thus overruling selections of the Supreme Court striking this type of tax down. Roosevelt's expansive use of govt energy had been controversial; Taft proposed to proceed his insurance policies, however place them on extra forged criminal underpinnings through the passage of regulation.[60]
Taft disillusioned some progressives by opting for Hitchcock as Chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC), putting him in command of the presidential campaign. Hitchcock was once quick to bring in men carefully allied with big trade.[61] Taft took an August vacation in Hot Springs, Virginia, the place he annoyed political advisors by means of spending more time on golfing than technique. After seeing a newspaper photograph of Taft taking a large swing at a golf ball, Roosevelt warned him against candid photographs.[62]
1908 electoral vote resultsRoosevelt, pissed off through his personal relative inaction, showered Taft with recommendation, fearing that the voters would now not admire Taft's qualities, and that Bryan would win. Roosevelt's supporters unfold rumors that the president was in effect running Taft's marketing campaign. This frustrated Nellie Taft, who by no means relied on the Roosevelts.[63] Nevertheless, Roosevelt supported the Republican nominee with such enthusiasm that humorists suggested "TAFT" stood for "Take advice from Theodore".[64]
Bryan steered a system of financial institution guarantees, so that depositors could be repaid if banks failed, but Taft opposed this, offering a postal savings device as an alternative.[58] The factor of prohibition of alcohol entered the marketing campaign when in mid-September, Carrie Nation referred to as on Taft and demanded to understand his views. Taft and Roosevelt had agreed the celebration platform would take no place on the topic, and Nation left indignant, to allege that Taft used to be irreligious and against temperance. Taft, at Roosevelt's advice, neglected the issue.[65]
In the tip, Taft won by means of a at ease margin. Taft defeated Bryan through 321 electoral votes to 162; however, he garnered simply 51.6 % of the preferred vote.[66] Nellie Taft said in regards to the marketing campaign, "There was nothing to criticize, except his not knowing or caring about the way the game of politics is played."[67] Longtime White House usher Ike Hoover recalled that Taft got here steadily to see Roosevelt all over the campaign, however seldom between the election and Inauguration Day, March 4, 1909.[68]
Presidency (1909–1913)
Main article: Presidency of William Howard Taft Inauguration and appointments Further knowledge: Inauguration of William Howard Taft 1909 inaugurationTaft was once sworn in as president on March 4, 1909. Due to a wintry weather typhoon that covered Washington with ice, Taft was inaugurated within the Senate Chamber somewhat than outdoor the Capitol as is customary. The new president stated in his inaugural cope with that he have been venerated to were "one of the advisers of my distinguished predecessor" and to have had an element "in the reforms he has initiated. I should be untrue to myself, to my promises, and to the declarations of the party platform on which I was elected if I did not make the maintenance and enforcement of those reforms a most important feature of my administration".[69] He pledged to make the ones reforms long-lasting, ensuring that fair businessmen didn't undergo uncertainty thru change of policy. He spoke of the need for reduction of the 1897 Dingley Tariff, for antitrust reform, and for persevered advancement of the Philippines towards complete self-government.[70] Roosevelt left workplace with be apologetic about that his tenure in the place he enjoyed so much used to be over and, to stay out of Taft's way, organized for a year-long hunting trip to Africa.[71]
Soon after the Republican conference, Taft and Roosevelt had mentioned which cupboard officers would keep on. Taft saved solely Agriculture Secretary James Wilson and Postmaster General George von Lengerke Meyer (who was shifted to the Navy Department). Others appointed to the Taft cabinet included Philander Knox, who had served beneath McKinley and Roosevelt as Attorney General, as the brand new Secretary of State, and Franklin MacVeagh as Treasury Secretary.[72][73]
Taft didn't benefit from the easy dating with the click that Roosevelt had, opting for not to be offering himself for interviews or photo opportunities as regularly as his predecessor had.[74] His administration marked a change in style from the charismatic management of Roosevelt to Taft's quieter passion for the rule of thumb of law.[75]
Foreign policy Organization and principles BEP engraved portrait of Taft as President.Taft made it a concern to restructure the State Department, noting, "it is organized on the basis of the needs of the government in 1800 instead of 1900."[76] The Department used to be for the first time arranged into geographical divisions, together with desks for the Far East, Latin America and Western Europe.[77] The division's first in-service coaching program was once established, and appointees spent a month in Washington ahead of going to their posts.[78] Taft and Secretary of State Knox had a strong courting, and the president listened to his recommend on matters foreign and domestic. According to historian Paolo E. Coletta, Knox used to be no longer a excellent diplomat, and had deficient family members with the Senate, press, and plenty of foreign leaders, particularly those from Latin America.[79]
There used to be wide settlement between Taft and Knox on major foreign policy goals; the U.S. would now not intrude in European affairs, and would use pressure if important to put in force the Monroe Doctrine in the Americas. The defense of the Panama Canal, which was beneath construction throughout Taft's time period (it opened in 1914), guided United States foreign policy in the Caribbean and Central America. Previous administrations had made efforts to promote American industry interests overseas, however Taft went a step additional and used the internet of American diplomats and consuls in another country to additional trade. Such ties, Taft hoped, would advertise world peace.[79] Taft driven for arbitration treaties with Great Britain and France, but the Senate was not willing to yield to arbitrators its constitutional prerogative to approve treaties.[80]
Tariffs and reciprocityAt the time of Taft's presidency, protectionism through using tariffs was once a fundamental place of the Republican Party.[81] The Dingley Tariff had been enacted to give protection to American business from foreign competition. The 1908 occasion platform had supported unspecified revisions to the Dingley Act, and Taft interpreted this to imply discounts. Taft called a special consultation of Congress to convene on March 15, 1909 to maintain the tariff query.[82]
Sereno E. Payne, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, had held hearings in past due 1908, and subsidized the resulting draft law. On stability, the invoice decreased tariffs rather, but when it passed the House in April 1909 and reached the Senate, the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Rhode Island Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, connected many amendments raising charges. This outraged progressives akin to Wisconsin's Robert M. La Follette, who prompt Taft to mention that the bill was now not in accord with the celebration platform. Taft refused, angering them.[83] Taft insisted that the majority imports from the Philippines be free of responsibility, and according to Anderson, showed efficient leadership on an issue he was an expert on and cared about.[84]
When fighters sought to switch the tariff bill to allow for an source of revenue tax, Taft adversarial it on the floor that the Supreme Court would most probably strike it down as unconstitutional, as it had prior to. Instead, they proposed a constitutional modification, which handed each properties in early July, used to be sent to the states, and via 1913 used to be ratified as the Sixteenth Amendment. In the conference committee, Taft received some victories, reminiscent of restricting the tax on lumber. The conference file passed both homes, and Taft signed it on August 6, 1909. The Payne-Aldrich tariff was once right away arguable. According to Coletta, "Taft had lost the initiative, and the wounds inflicted in the acrid tariff debate never healed".[85]
Newton McConnell cartoon showing Canadian suspicions that Taft and others have been only fascinated by Canada when filthy rich.In Taft's annual message sent to Congress in December 1910, he advised a free business accord with Canada. Britain at the moment still handled Canada's foreign members of the family, and Taft discovered the British and Canadian governments willing. Many in Canada antagonistic an accord, fearing the U.S. would sell off it when handy as it had the 1854 Elgin-Marcy Treaty in 1866, and farm and fisheries interests in the United States have been also adversarial. After January 1911 talks with Canadian officials, Taft had the agreement, which was now not a treaty, introduced into Congress and it handed in overdue July. The Parliament of Canada, led via Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier, had deadlocked over the problem. Canadians turned Laurier out of workplace within the September 1911 election and Robert Borden became the new prime minister. No cross-border settlement was concluded, and the talk deepened divisions in the Republican Party.[86][87]
Latin America See additionally: Dollar DiplomacyTaft and his Secretary of State, Philander Knox, instituted a policy of Dollar Diplomacy against Latin America, believing U.S. investment would benefit all involved, whilst diminishing European affect in regions where the Monroe Doctrine applied. The policy was once unpopular amongst Latin American states that did not wish to transform financial protectorates of the United States, as well as in the U.S. Senate, a lot of whose contributors believed the U.S. must no longer intervene abroad.[88] No foreign affairs controversy tested Taft's policy more than the cave in of the Mexican regime and subsequent turmoil of the Mexican Revolution.[89]
Taft and Porfirio Díaz, Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, 1909When Taft entered office, Mexico was increasingly restless under the grip of longtime dictator Porfirio Díaz. Many Mexicans subsidized his opponent, Francisco Madero.[90] There were a number of incidents by which Mexican rebels crossed the U.S. border to acquire horses and guns; Taft sought to prevent this by way of ordering the US Army to the border areas for maneuvers. Taft advised his military aide, Archibald Butt, that "I am going to sit on the lid and it will take a great deal to pry me off".[91] He showed his beef up for Díaz by means of meeting with him at El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, the first meeting between a U.S. and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president visited Mexico.[92] The day of the summit, Frederick Russell Burnham and a Texas Ranger captured and disarmed an murderer holding a palm pistol just a few toes from the two presidents.[92] Before the election in Mexico, Díaz jailed opposition candidate Madero, whose supporters took up hands. This led to both the ousting of Díaz and a revolution that would continue for every other ten years. In the U.S.'s Arizona Territory, two voters had been killed and almost a dozen injured, some as a result of gunfire around the border. Taft used to be in opposition to an aggressive response and so prompt the territorial governor.[89]
Nicaragua's president, José Santos Zelaya, wanted to revoke business concessions granted to American firms,[j] and American diplomats quietly preferred riot forces underneath Juan Estrada.[93] Nicaragua was once in debt to foreign powers, and the U.S. was unwilling that another canal path fall into the arms of Europeans. Zelaya's elected successor, José Madriz, may now not put down the rebel as U.S. forces interfered, and in August 1910, the Estrada forces took Managua, the capital. The U.S. compelled Nicaragua to just accept a loan, and sent officials to ensure it used to be repaid from authorities revenues. The country remained risky, and after some other coup in 1911 and more disturbances in 1912, Taft sent troops to begin the United States career of Nicaragua, which lasted until 1933.[94][95]
Treaties amongst Panama, Colombia, and the United States to unravel disputes arising from the Panamanian Revolution of 1903 had been signed by means of the lame-duck Roosevelt administration in early 1909, and have been approved by the Senate and also ratified by Panama. Colombia, however, declined to ratify the treaties, and after the 1912 elections, Knox introduced million to the Colombians (later raised to million). The Colombians felt the quantity insufficient, and requested arbitration; the matter was no longer settled below the Taft management.[96]
East AsiaDue to his years within the Philippines, Taft was once keenly as president in East Asian affairs.[97] Taft thought to be members of the family with Europe somewhat unimportant, but because of the opportunity of trade and investment, Taft ranked the put up of minister to China as most essential in the Foreign Service. Knox did not agree, and declined an offer that he go to Peking to view the facts on the ground. Taft thought to be Roosevelt's minister there, William W. Rockhill, as uninterested in the China trade, and replaced him with William J. Calhoun, whom McKinley and Roosevelt had despatched on a number of foreign missions. Knox did not pay attention to Calhoun on policy, and there have been often conflicts.[98] Taft and Knox attempted unsuccessfully to increase John Hay's Open Door Policy to Manchuria.[99]
In 1898, an American company had gained a concession for a railroad between Hankow and Szechuan, however the Chinese revoked the settlement in 1904 after the company (which was once indemnified for the revocation) breached the settlement via selling a majority stake outside the United States. The Chinese imperial government were given the money for the indemnity from the British Hong Kong government, on condition British subjects can be liked if foreign capital was once needed to build the railroad line, and in 1909, a British-led consortium began negotiations.[100] This came to Knox's consideration in May of that yr, and he demanded that U.S. banks be allowed to participate. Taft appealed personally to the Prince Regent, Zaifeng, Prince Chun, and used to be a hit in gaining U.S. participation, despite the fact that agreements weren't signed till May 1911.[101] However, the Chinese decree authorizing the agreement also required the nationalization of local railroad corporations in the affected provinces. Inadequate reimbursement was once paid to the shareholders, and these grievances have been among those which touched off the Chinese Revolution of 1911.[102][103]
After the revolution broke out, the rise up's leaders selected Sun Yat-sen as provisional president of what was the Republic of China, overthrowing the Manchu dynasty, Taft was reluctant to recognize the brand new authorities, even though American public opinion was in choose of it. The U.S. House of Representatives in February 1912 passed a resolution supporting a Chinese republic, but Taft and Knox felt popularity will have to come as a concerted action by way of Western powers. Taft in his ultimate annual message to Congress in December 1912 indicated that he was once shifting in opposition to recognition as soon as the republic was once fully established, but through then he were defeated for reelection and he didn't observe via.[104] Taft persisted the policy against immigration from China and Japan as underneath Roosevelt. A revised treaty of friendship and navigation entered into by means of the U.S. and Japan in 1911 granted wide reciprocal rights to Japanese people in America and Americans in Japan, but were premised at the continuation of the Gentlemen's Agreement. There used to be objection on the West Coast when the treaty used to be submitted to the Senate, however Taft knowledgeable politicians that there was no alternate in immigration policy.[105]
EuropeTaft used to be opposed to the standard practice of rewarding wealthy supporters with key ambassadorial posts, preferring that diplomats now not are living in a lavish way of life and selecting men who, as Taft put it, would acknowledge an American when they saw one. High on his checklist for dismissal was once the ambassador to France, Henry White, whom Taft knew and disliked from his visits to Europe. White's ousting caused different profession State Department staff to concern that their jobs could be misplaced to politics. Taft also wanted to interchange the Roosevelt-appointed ambassador in London, Whitelaw Reid, but Reid, owner of the New-York Tribune, had subsidized Taft all over the campaign, and each William and Nellie Taft enjoyed his gossipy reports. Reid remained in place until his 1912 dying.[106]
Taft was a supporter of settling global disputes through arbitration, and he negotiated treaties with Great Britain and with France offering that differences be arbitrated. These were signed in August 1911. Neither Taft nor Knox (a former senator) consulted with members of the Senate right through the negotiating procedure. By then many Republicans have been adverse to Taft and the president felt that lobbying too hard for the treaties would possibly purpose their defeat. He made some speeches supporting the treaties in October, however the Senate added amendments Taft could not accept, killing the agreements.[107]
Although no total arbitration treaty was entered into, Taft's administration settled a number of disputes with Great Britain by non violent means, regularly involving arbitration. These included a settlement of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, a long-running dispute over seal searching in the Bering Sea that still involved Japan, and a equivalent war of words referring to fishing off Newfoundland. The sealing conference remained in force until abrogated by way of Japan in 1940.[108]
Domestic policies and politics Antitrust Official White House portrait of Taft through Anders ZornTaft continued and expanded Roosevelt's efforts to break up business combos thru proceedings brought under the Sherman Antitrust Act, bringing 70 cases in 4 years (Roosevelt had brought 40 in seven years). Suits introduced towards the Standard Oil Company and the American Tobacco Company, initiated underneath Roosevelt, had been made up our minds in prefer of the government by means of the Supreme Court in 1911.[109] In June 1911, the Democrat-controlled House of Representatives started hearings into United States Steel (U.S. Steel). That corporate had been expanded underneath Roosevelt, who had supported its acquisition of the Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company as a means of forestalling the deepening of the Panic of 1907, a call the former president defended when attesting on the hearings. Taft, as Secretary of War, had praised the acquisitions.[110] Historian Louis L. Gould steered that Roosevelt was once likely deceived into believing that U.S. Steel didn't wish to purchase the Tennessee company, but it was if truth be told a discount. For Roosevelt, questioning the subject went to his private honesty.[111]
In October 1911, Taft's Justice Department brought suit against U.S. Steel, not easy that over 100 of its subsidiaries be granted company independence, and naming as defendants many prominent trade executives and financiers. The pleadings within the case had not been reviewed through Taft, and alleged that Roosevelt "had fostered monopoly, and had been duped by clever industrialists".[110] Roosevelt was once indignant through the references to him and his administration in the pleadings, and felt that Taft may no longer evade command responsibility by way of pronouncing he did not know of them.[112]
Taft despatched a different message to Congress at the want for a made over antitrust statute when it convened its common session in December 1911, however it took no motion. Another antitrust case that had political repercussions for Taft was once that brought against the International Harvester Company, the huge producer of farm apparatus, in early 1912. As Roosevelt's management had investigated International Harvester, but had taken no action (a call Taft had supported), the go well with become stuck up in Roosevelt's problem for the Republican presidential nomination. Supporters of Taft alleged that Roosevelt had acted improperly; the previous president blasted Taft for ready three and a half of years, and until he was once underneath challenge, to opposite a decision he had supported.[113]
Ballinger–Pinchot affairRoosevelt was once an ardent conservationist, assisted in this by like-minded appointees, including Interior Secretary James R. Garfield[ok] and Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot. Taft agreed with the need for conservation, but felt it must be achieved by legislation rather than govt order. He did not retain Garfield, an Ohioan, as secretary, opting for instead a westerner, former Seattle mayor Richard A. Ballinger. Roosevelt was surprised on the alternative, believing that Taft had promised to keep Garfield, and this change was once some of the occasions that caused Roosevelt to comprehend that Taft would make a choice other policies.[114]
Roosevelt had withdrawn a lot land from the public domain, including some in Alaska idea wealthy in coal. In 1902, Clarence Cunningham, an Idaho entrepreneur, had found coal deposits in Alaska, and made mining claims, and the government investigated their legality. This dragged on for the rest of the Roosevelt management, together with right through the 12 months (1907–1908) when Ballinger served as head of the General Land Office.[115] A distinct agent for the Land Office, Louis Glavis, investigated the Cunningham claims, and when Secretary Ballinger in 1909 authorized them, Glavis broke governmental protocol through going outdoor the Interior Department to seek help from Pinchot.[116]
In September 1909, Glavis made his allegations public in a magazine article, disclosing that Ballinger had acted as an attorney for Cunningham between his two periods of government service. This violated conflict of hobby regulations forbidding a former authorities official from advocacy on a matter he were accountable for.[117] On September 13, 1909 Taft disregarded Glavis from government provider, depending on a report from Attorney General George W. Wickersham dated two days in the past.[118] Pinchot was once determined to dramatize the problem by way of forcing his personal dismissal, which Taft attempted to avoid, fearing that it could cause a break with Roosevelt (still overseas). Taft requested Elihu Root (via then a senator) to look into the topic, and Root suggested the firing of Pinchot.[117]
Taft had ordered authorities officials to not remark on the fracas.[119] In January 1910, Pinchot pressured the problem through sending a letter to Iowa Senator Dolliver alleging that but for the actions of the Forestry Service, Taft would have licensed a fraudulent claim on public lands. According to Pringle, this "was an utterly improper appeal from an executive subordinate to the legislative branch of the government and an unhappy president prepared to separate Pinchot from public office".[120] Pinchot was brushed aside, a lot to his satisfaction, and he sailed for Europe to lay his case ahead of Roosevelt.[121] A congressional investigation followed, which cleared Ballinger by means of majority vote, but the management used to be embarrassed when Glavis' lawyer, Louis D. Brandeis, proved that the Wickersham document have been backdated, which Taft belatedly admitted. The Ballinger–Pinchot affair brought about progressives and Roosevelt loyalists to really feel that Taft had turned his again on Roosevelt's schedule.[122]
Civil rightsTaft introduced in his inaugural address that he would no longer appoint African Americans to federal jobs, reminiscent of postmaster, where this could purpose racial friction. This differed from Roosevelt, who would not remove or replace black officeholders with whom native whites would now not deal. Termed Taft's "Southern Policy", this stance effectively invited white protests against black appointees. Taft followed through, taking out most black workplace holders within the South, and made few appointments of African Americans within the North.[123]
At the time Taft was once inaugurated, the way forward for African Americans used to be debated by their leaders. Booker T. Washington felt that most blacks should be skilled for industrial paintings, with only a few looking for higher education; W. E. B. DuBois took a more militant stand for equality. Taft tended in opposition to Washington's method. According to Coletta, Taft let the African-American "be 'kept in his place' ... He thus failed to see or follow the humanitarian mission historically associated with the Republican party, with the result that Negroes both North and South began to drift toward the Democratic party."[124]
Taft, a Unitarian, was once a leader in the early 20th century of the favorable reappraisal of Catholicism's historical role. It tended to neutralize anti-Catholic sentiments, particularly in the Far West where Protestantism was a weak power. In 1904 Taft gave a speech at the University of Notre Dame. He praised the "enterprise, courage, and fidelity to duty that distinguished those heroes of Spain who braved the then frightful dangers of the deep to carry Christianity and European civilization into" the Philippines. In 1909 he praised Junípero Serra as an "apostle, legislator, [and] builder" who advanced "the beginning of civilization in California."[125]
A supporter of free immigration, Taft vetoed a bill handed via Congress and supported by means of hard work unions that may have limited unskilled laborers by means of imposing a literacy test.[126]
Judicial appointments Main article: William Howard Taft judicial appointments Taft promoted Associate Justice Edward Douglass White to be Chief Justice of the United States.Taft made six appointments to the Supreme Court; only George Washington and Franklin D. Roosevelt have made more.[127] The dying of Justice Rufus Peckham in October 1909 gave Taft his first opportunity. He selected an outdated pal and colleague from the Sixth Circuit, Horace H. Lurton of Georgia; he had in useless suggested Theodore Roosevelt to appoint Lurton to the high court. Attorney General Wickersham objected that Lurton, a former Confederate soldier and a Democrat, used to be elderly 65. Taft named Lurton anyway on December 13, 1909, and the Senate showed him via voice vote per week later. Lurton is still the oldest person to be made an associate justice.[l] Lurie instructed that Taft, already beset through the tariff and conservation controversies, desired to perform an reputable act which gave him pleasure, especially since he thought Lurton deserved it.[128]
Justice David Josiah Brewer's death on March 28, 1910 gave Taft a second opportunity to fill a seat on the high courtroom; he chose New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes. Taft advised Hughes that are meant to the executive justiceship fall vacant right through his time period, Hughes can be his most likely choice for the center seat. The Senate briefly showed Hughes, but then Chief Justice Fuller died on July 4, 1910. Taft took five months to switch Fuller, and when he did, it was with Justice Edward Douglass White, who become the first affiliate justice to be promoted to leader justice.[m] According to Lurie, Taft, who still had hopes of being leader justice, can have been more prepared to appoint an older guy than he (White) than a more youthful one (Hughes), who may outlive him, as indeed Hughes did. To fill White's seat as associate justice, Taft appointed Willis Van Devanter of Wyoming, a federal appeals judge. By the time Taft nominated White and Van Devanter in December 1910, he had another seat to fill because of William Henry Moody's retirement because of illness; he named a Louisiana Democrat, Joseph R. Lamar, whom he had met while taking part in golf, and had therefore realized had a excellent popularity as a judge.[129]
With the loss of life of Justice Harlan in October 1911, Taft were given to fill a sixth seat at the Supreme Court. After Secretary Knox declined appointment, Taft named Chancellor of New Jersey Mahlon Pitney, the final person appointed to the Supreme Court who didn't attend legislation college.[130] Pitney had a more potent anti-labor file than Taft's different appointments, and used to be the only one to meet opposition, profitable confirmation by a Senate vote of fifty–26.[131]
Taft appointed Thirteen judges to the federal courts of appeal and 38 to the United States district courts. Taft also appointed judges to quite a lot of specialized courts, including the first 5 appointees each to the United States Commerce Court and the United States Court of Customs Appeals.[132] The Commerce Court, created in 1910, stemmed from a Taft proposal for a specialised courtroom to hear appeals from the Interstate Commerce Commission. There was once substantial opposition to its established order, which solely grew when considered one of its judges, Robert W. Archbald, was in 1912 impeached for corruption and got rid of by way of the Senate the next January. Taft vetoed a bill to abolish the courtroom, however the respite was short-lived as Woodrow Wilson signed an identical law in October 1913.[133]
1912 presidential marketing campaign and election Further information: 1912 United States presidential election Moving with the exception of Roosevelt 1909 Puck mag cover: Roosevelt departs, entrusting his policies to TaftDuring Roosevelt's fifteen months past the Atlantic, from March 1909 to June 1910, neither man wrote a lot to the opposite. Taft biographer Lurie prompt that every expected the opposite to make the primary move to re-establish their courting on a brand new footing. Upon Roosevelt's triumphant go back, Taft invited him to stick at the White House. The former president declined, and in private letters to buddies expressed dissatisfaction at Taft's performance. Nevertheless, he wrote that he expected Taft to be renominated by the Republicans in 1912, and didn't speak of himself as a candidate.[134]
Taft and Roosevelt met twice in 1910; the meetings, even though outwardly cordial, didn't show their former closeness.[135] Roosevelt gave a series of speeches within the West within the overdue summer time and early fall of 1910. Roosevelt no longer only attacked the Supreme Court's 1905 determination in Lochner v. New York,[n] he accused the federal courts of undermining democracy, and referred to as for them to be disadvantaged of the power to rule regulation unconstitutional. This attack horrified Taft, who privately agreed that Lochner were wrongly determined. Roosevelt known as for "elimination of corporate expenditures for political purposes, physical valuation of railroad properties, regulation of industrial combinations, establishment of an export tariff commission, a graduated income tax" as well as "workmen's compensation laws, state and national legislation to regulate the [labor] of women and children, and complete publicity of campaign expenditure".[136] According to John Murphy in his journal article at the breach between the two presidents, "As Roosevelt began to move to the left, Taft veered to the right."[136]
During the 1910 midterm election campaign, Roosevelt concerned himself in New York politics, whilst Taft with donations and affect tried to secure the election of the Republican gubernatorial candidate in Ohio, former lieutenant governor Warren G. Harding. The Republicans suffered losses within the 1910 elections as the Democrats took control of the House and slashed the Republican majority in the Senate. In New Jersey, Democrat Woodrow Wilson was once elected governor, and Harding lost his race in Ohio.[135]
After the election, Roosevelt persevered to promote innovative beliefs, a New Nationalism, much to Taft's dismay. Roosevelt attacked his successor's administration, arguing that its guiding ideas weren't that of the celebration of Lincoln, but those of the Gilded Age.[137] The feud continued off and on through 1911, a year by which there were few elections of significance. Wisconsin Senator La Follette announced a presidential run as a Republican, and used to be subsidized by way of a tradition of progressives. Roosevelt started to transport right into a position for a run in overdue 1911, writing that the tradition that presidents now not run for a third time period only implemented to consecutive terms.[138]
Roosevelt was once receiving many letters from supporters urging him to run, and Republican office-holders have been organizing on his behalf. Balked on many policies by way of an unwilling Congress and courts in his complete time period within the White House, he saw manifestations of public give a boost to he believed would sweep him to the White House with a mandate for modern policies that would brook no opposition.[139] In February, Roosevelt announced he would settle for the Republican nomination if it was presented to him. Taft felt that if he lost in November, it would be a repudiation of the occasion, but if he misplaced renomination, it might be a rejection of himself.[140] He was reluctant to oppose Roosevelt, who helped make him president, however having turn out to be president, he was once made up our minds to be president, and that meant now not standing aside to permit Roosevelt to realize some other term.[141]
Primaries and conference Further knowledge: 1912 Republican National Convention Taft with Archibald Butt (second from appropriate)As Roosevelt turned into extra radical in his progressivism, Taft was hardened in his get to the bottom of to succeed in re-nomination, as he was once satisfied that the progressives threatened the very foundation of the federal government.[142] One blow to Taft was once the lack of Archibald Butt, one of the vital final links between the previous and provide presidents, as Butt had previously served Roosevelt. Ambivalent between his loyalties, Butt went to Europe on vacation; he died within the sinking of the RMS Titanic.[143]
Taft and Roosevelt – political enemies in 1912Roosevelt ruled the primaries, successful 278 of the 362 delegates to the Republican National Convention in Chicago determined in that means. Taft had keep watch over of the social gathering machinery, and it came as no marvel that he received the bulk of the delegates decided at district or state conventions.[144] Taft didn't have a majority, however was likely to have one once southern delegations committed to him. Roosevelt challenged the election of those delegates, however the RNC overruled maximum objections. Roosevelt's sole remaining chance was once with a friendly conference chairman, who would possibly make rulings on the seating of delegates that preferred his facet. Taft adopted custom and remained in Washington, however Roosevelt went to Chicago to run his campaign[145] and instructed his supporters in a speech, "we stand at Armageddon, and we battle for the Lord".[146][147]
Taft had won over Root, who agreed to run for transient chairman of the conference, and the delegates elected Root over Roosevelt's candidate.[146] The Roosevelt forces moved to substitute the delegates they supported for the ones they argued will have to not be seated. Root made a the most important ruling, that although the contested delegates could not vote on their very own seating, they may vote on the other contested delegates, a ruling that assured Taft's nomination, as the motion presented by means of the Roosevelt forces failed, 567–507.[148] As it changed into transparent Roosevelt would bolt the party if no longer nominated, some Republicans sought a compromise candidate to avert electoral crisis; they failed.[149] Taft's identify used to be positioned in nomination via Warren Harding, whose attempts to praise Taft and unify the social gathering had been met with indignant interruptions from progressives.[150] Taft used to be nominated on the first poll, despite the fact that most Roosevelt delegates refused to vote.[148]
Campaign and defeat Campaign commercial arguing Taft deserved a second termAlleging Taft had stolen the nomination, Roosevelt and his followers formed the Progressive Party.[o][151] Taft knew he would lose, however concluded that via Roosevelt's loss at Chicago the occasion were preserved as "the defender of conservative government and conservative institutions."[152] He made his doomed run to maintain conservative keep watch over of the Republican Party.[153] Governor Woodrow Wilson was the Democratic nominee. Seeing Roosevelt because the better electoral risk, Wilson spent little time attacking Taft, arguing that Roosevelt have been lukewarm in opposing the trusts right through his presidency, and that Wilson used to be the true reformer.[154] Taft contrasted what he known as his "progressive conservatism" with Roosevelt's Progressive democracy, which to Taft represented "the establishment of a benevolent despotism."[155]
Electoral vote by way of state, 1912. States won by way of Taft are in red.Reverting to the pre-1888 custom that presidents seeking reelection didn't campaign, Taft spoke publicly solely once, making his nomination acceptance speech on August 1.[156] He had difficulty in financing the marketing campaign, as many industrialists had concluded he could no longer win, and would fortify Wilson to block Roosevelt. The president issued a assured commentary in September after the Republicans narrowly gained Vermont's state elections in a three-way combat, but had no illusions he would win his race.[157] He had hoped to ship his cabinet officials out at the marketing campaign path, but found them reluctant to go. Senator Root agreed to provide a unmarried speech for him.[158]
Vice President Sherman had been renominated at Chicago; severely ill all over the campaign, he died six days prior to the election,[p] and was once changed on the price ticket by way of the president of Columbia University, Nicholas Murray Butler. But few electors selected Taft and Butler, who received solely Utah and Vermont, for a complete of eight electoral votes.[q] Roosevelt won 88, and Wilson 435. Wilson won with a plurality—not a majority—of the popular vote. Taft finished with just under 3.5 million, over 600,000 lower than the previous president.[159] Taft was once no longer at the ballot in California, because of the movements of local Progressives, nor in South Dakota.[160]
Return to Yale (1913–1921)
With no pension or other reimbursement to expect from the government after leaving the White House, Taft pondered a return to the apply of legislation, from which he had lengthy been absent. Given that Taft had appointed many federal judges, including a majority of the Supreme Court, this might carry questions of warfare of interest at each federal courtroom look and he was stored from this through an offer for him to transform Kent Professor of Law and Legal History at Yale Law School. He approved, and after a month's holiday in Georgia, arrived in New Haven on April 1, 1913 to a rapturous reception. As it was once too late within the semester for him to present an educational path, he as an alternative prepared eight lectures on "Questions of Modern Government", which he delivered in May.[161] He earned money with paid speeches and with articles for magazines, and would finish his 8 years out of office having greater his financial savings.[162] While at Yale, he wrote the treatise, Our Chief Magistrate and His Powers (1916).[163]
Taft (left) with President Warren G. Harding and Robert Lincoln on the willpower of the Lincoln Memorial, May 30, 1922Taft were made president of the Lincoln Memorial Commission whilst still in workplace; when Democrats proposed eliminating him for one among their get together, he quipped that unlike dropping the presidency, this sort of removing would harm. The architect, Henry Bacon, sought after to use Colorado-Yule marble, while southern Democrats recommended using Georgia marble. Taft lobbied for the western stone, and the matter was once submitted to the Commission of Fine Arts, which supported Taft and Bacon. The challenge went forward; Taft would devote the Lincoln Memorial as chief justice in 1922.[164] In 1913, Taft was once elected to a one-year time period as president of the American Bar Association (ABA), a industry crew of attorneys. He got rid of warring parties, comparable to Louis Brandeis and University of Pennsylvania Law School dean William Draper Lewis (a supporter of the Progressive Party) from committees.[165]
Taft maintained a cordial relationship with Wilson. The former president privately criticized his successor on numerous issues, but made his views recognized publicly solely on Philippine policy. Taft was appalled when, after Justice Lamar's death in January 1916, Wilson nominated Brandeis, whom the former president had never forgiven for his function in the Ballinger–Pinchot affair. When hearings led to nothing discreditable about Brandeis, Taft intervened with a letter signed through himself and other former ABA presidents, stating that Brandeis was once not are compatible to serve on the Supreme Court. Nevertheless, the Democratic-controlled Senate confirmed Brandeis.[166] Taft and Roosevelt remained embittered; they met only as soon as in the first three years of the Wilson presidency, at a funeral at Yale. They spoke just for a second, politely however formally.[167]
As president of the League to Enforce Peace, Taft was hoping to forestall battle through an international association of nations. With World War I raging in Europe, Taft sent Wilson a note of toughen for his foreign policy in 1915.[168] President Wilson permitted Taft's invitation to deal with the league, and spoke in May 1916 of a postwar international group that could save you a repetition.[169] Taft supported the effort to get Justice Hughes to surrender from the bench and settle for the Republican presidential nomination. Once this was completed, Hughes tried to get Roosevelt and Taft to reconcile, as a united effort used to be had to defeat Wilson. This occurred on October 3 in New York, however Roosevelt allowed just a handshake, and no words were exchanged. This was once one of the difficulties for the Republicans within the campaign, and Wilson narrowly won reelection.[170]
In March 1917, Taft demonstrated public beef up for the warfare effort by means of becoming a member of the Connecticut State Guard, a state defense force organized to hold out the state duties of the Connecticut National Guard while the National Guard served on lively duty.[171] When Wilson asked Congress to declare warfare on Germany in April 1917, Taft used to be an enthusiastic supporter; he used to be chairman of the American Red Cross' govt committee, which occupied much of the previous president's time.[172] In August 1917, Wilson conferred military titles on executives of the Red Cross to be able to supply them with further authority to use in wearing out their wartime responsibilities, and Taft used to be appointed a significant overall.[173]
During the warfare, Taft took depart from Yale with the intention to serve as co-chairman of the National War Labor Board, tasked with assuring excellent family members between business owners and their workers.[174] In February 1918, the new RNC chairman, Will H. Hays, approached Taft looking for his reconciliation with Roosevelt. At a dinner in the two males embraced, but the dating didn't development; Roosevelt died in January 1919.[175] Taft later wrote, "Had he died in a hostile state of mind toward me, I would have mourned the fact all my life. I loved him always and cherish his memory."[176]
When Wilson proposed status quo of a League of Nations, Taft expressed public beef up. He was once the chief of his occasion's activist wing, and was once hostile by means of a small crew of senators who vigorously opposed the League. Taft's flip-flop on whether reservations to the Versailles Treaty have been necessary angered all sides, inflicting some Republicans to call him a Wilson supporter and a traitor to his social gathering. The Senate refused to ratify the Versailles pact.[177]
Chief Justice (1921–1930)
Appointment Chief Justice Taft, c. 1921During the 1920 election campaign, Taft supported the Republican ticket, Harding (by means of then a senator) and Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge; they had been elected.[178] Taft was among the ones asked to come to the president-elect's house in Marion, Ohio to advise him on appointments, and the two males conferred there on December 24, 1920. By Taft's later account, after some conversation, Harding casually asked if Taft would settle for appointment to the Supreme Court; if Taft would, Harding would appoint him. Taft had a situation for Harding—having served as president, and having appointed two of the present affiliate justices and opposed Brandeis, he could settle for solely the manager justice place. Harding made no response, and Taft in a thank-you observe reiterated the condition and stated that Chief Justice White had steadily told him he was once maintaining the position for Taft until a Republican held the White House. In January 1921, Taft heard via intermediaries that Harding deliberate to appoint him, if given the risk.[179]
White by means of then used to be in failing well being, however made no move to surrender when Harding was sworn in on March 4, 1921.[180] Taft known as on the chief justice on March 26, and found White ill, however still carrying on his work and no longer talking of retiring.[181] White did not retire, death in workplace on May 19, 1921. Taft issued a tribute to the person he had appointed to the middle seat, and waited and apprehensive if he would be White's successor. Despite fashionable speculation Taft would be the select, Harding made no fast announcement.[182] Taft was once lobbying for himself at the back of the scenes, particularly with the Ohio politicians who formed Harding's inner circle.[183]
It later emerged that Harding had additionally promised former Utah senator George Sutherland a seat at the Supreme Court, and was ready within the expectation that some other place would become vacant.[r][184] Harding used to be additionally taking into account an offer through Justice William R. Day to crown his career by way of being chief justice for 6 months before retiring. Taft felt, when he discovered of this plan, that a short-term appointment would not serve the office smartly, and that once showed by the Senate, the reminiscence of Day would grow dim. After Harding rejected Day's plan, Attorney General Harry Daugherty, who supported Taft's candidacy, recommended him to fill the emptiness, and he named Taft on June 30, 1921.[182] The Senate showed Taft the similar day, 61–4, without any committee hearings and after a temporary debate in govt session. Taft drew the objections of 3 progressive Republicans and one southern Democrat.[s][185] When he was once sworn in on July 11, he became the first and so far solely particular person to serve both as president and chief justice.[2]
Taft Court club timelineMcKinley appointment T. Roosevelt appointment Taft appointment Wilson appointment Harding appointment Coolidge appointment
Jurisprudence Further data: List of United States Supreme Court circumstances by way of the Taft Court Commerce ClauseThe Supreme Court underneath Taft compiled a conservative document in Commerce Clause jurisprudence. This had the practical effect of constructing it difficult for the government to control business, and the Taft Court also scuttled many state laws. The few liberals on the court—Brandeis, Holmes, and (from 1925) Harlan Fiske Stone—sometimes protested, believing orderly progress very important, however ceaselessly joined in the majority opinion.[186]
The White Court had, in 1918, struck down an attempt by way of Congress to regulate child hard work in Hammer v. Dagenhart.[t][187] Congress thereafter tried to end kid hard work through imposing a tax on sure firms applying it. That law was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1922 in Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., with Taft writing the court's opinion for an 8–1 majority.[u] He held that the tax was no longer meant to raise revenue, however quite used to be an try to keep an eye on issues reserved to the states beneath the Tenth Amendment,[188] and that permitting such taxation would eliminate the power of the states.[2] One case wherein Taft and his court docket upheld federal law was Stafford v. Wallace. Taft ruled for a 7–1 majority[v] that the processing of animals in stockyards was so closely tied to interstate trade as to convey it inside the ambit of Congress's power to control.[189]
A case wherein the Taft Court struck down law that generated a dissent from the chief justice was Adkins v. Children's Hospital.[w] Congress had decreed a minimal wage for girls within the District of Columbia. A 5–Three majority of the Supreme Court struck it down. Justice Sutherland wrote for almost all that the recently ratified Nineteenth Amendment, guaranteeing girls the vote, meant that the sexes were equivalent when it came to bargaining power over working stipulations; Taft, in dissent, deemed this unrealistic.[190] Taft's dissent in Adkins was rare both as a result of he authored few dissents, and because it was once one of the few occasions he took an expansive view of the police power of the government.[191]
Powers of presidencyIn 1922, Taft dominated for a unanimous court in Balzac v. Porto Rico.[x] One of the Insular Cases, Balzac concerned a Puerto Rico newspaper publisher who was once prosecuted for libel however denied a jury trial, a Sixth Amendment protection under the constitution. Taft held that as Puerto Rico was now not a territory designated for statehood, only such constitutional protections as Congress decreed would practice to its residents.[192]
The U.S. Supreme Court in 1925. Taft is seated within the backside row, heart.In 1926, Taft wrote for a 6–Three majority in Myers v. United States[y] that Congress may no longer require the president to get Senate approval before disposing of an appointee. Taft noted that there is no restriction of the president's power to remove officers in the constitution. Although Myers concerned the elimination of a postmaster,[193] Taft in his opinion found invalid the repealed Tenure of Office Act, for violation of which his presidential predecessor, Andrew Johnson, had been impeached, despite the fact that acquitted by the Senate.[194] Taft valued Myers as his maximum essential opinion.[195]
The following year, the court decided McGrain v. Daugherty.[z] A congressional committee investigating conceivable complicity of former Attorney General Daugherty in the Teapot Dome scandal subpoenaed data from his brother, Mally, who refused to provide them, alleging Congress had no power to acquire paperwork from him. Van Devanter ruled for a unanimous court docket in opposition to him, discovering that Congress had the authority to habits investigations as an auxiliary to its legislative function.[196]
Individual and civil rightsIn 1925, the Taft Court laid the groundwork for the incorporation of many of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to be applied against the states throughout the Fourteenth Amendment. In Gitlow v. New York,[aa] the court by way of a 6–2 vote with Taft within the majority, upheld Gitlow's conviction on prison anarchy fees for advocating the overthrow of the government; his protection was once freedom of speech. Justice Edward T. Sanford wrote the courtroom's opinion, and both majority and minority (Holmes, joined by way of Brandeis) assumed that the First Amendment's Free Speech and Free Press clauses have been safe in opposition to infringement via the states.[197]
Pierce v. Society of Sisters[ab] used to be a 1925 decision by the Taft Court placing down an Oregon law banning non-public colleges. In a decision written via Justice James C. McReynolds, a unanimous court held that Oregon could keep an eye on non-public faculties, but could now not eliminate them. The end result supported the correct of oldsters to control the schooling in their kids, but also, for the reason that lead plaintiff (the society) ran Catholic colleges, struck a blow for spiritual freedom.[197]
United States v. Lanza[ac] was once certainly one of a sequence of cases involving Prohibition. Lanza dedicated acts allegedly in violation of both state and federal regulation, and was first convicted in Washington state courtroom, then prosecuted in federal district court. He alleged the second prosecution in violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Taft, for a unanimous court, allowed the second prosecution, holding that the state and federal governments have been twin sovereigns, each empowered to prosecute the behavior in query.[198]
In the 1927 case Lum v. Rice,[advert] Taft wrote for a unanimous Court that incorporated liberals Holmes, Brandeis and Stone. The ruling held the exclusion on account of race of a child of Chinese ancestry from a whites-only public college did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This allowed states to extend segregation in public faculties to Chinese scholars.[199]
Administration and political influence Time duvet, 30 June 1924Taft exercised the ability of his place to influence the decisions of his colleagues, urging unanimity and discouraging dissents. Alpheus Mason, in his article on Chief Justice Taft for the American Bar Association Journal, contrasted Taft's expansive view of the function of the chief justice with the narrow view of presidential power he took while in that office.[200] Taft noticed not anything fallacious with making his views on possible appointments to the courtroom known to the White House, and used to be annoyed to be criticized in the press. He was initially a company supporter of President Coolidge after Harding's loss of life in 1923, however changed into upset with Coolidge's appointments to office and to the bench; he had identical misgivings about Coolidge's successor, Herbert Hoover.[201] Taft steered the Republican presidents in workplace whilst he used to be leader justice to steer clear of "offside" appointments like Brandeis and Holmes.[186] Nevertheless, by means of 1923, Taft used to be writing of his liking for Brandeis, whom he deemed a hard employee, and Holmes walked to work with him till age and infirmity required an automobile.[202]
Believing that the manager justice should be answerable for the federal courts, Taft felt that he will have to have an administrative workforce to lend a hand him, and the manager justice will have to be empowered to temporarily reassign judges.[203] He additionally believed the federal courts have been ill-run. Many of the decrease courts had lengthy backlogs, as did the Supreme Court.[204] Immediately on taking workplace, Taft made it a concern to confer with Attorney General Daugherty as to new regulation,[205] and made his case before congressional hearings, in legal periodicals and in speeches across the country.[206] When Congress convened in December 1921, a invoice was once presented for twenty-four new judges, to empower the chief justice to move judges quickly to do away with the delays, and to have him chair a frame consisting of the senior appellate pass judgement on of each circuit. Congress objected to a few sides, requiring Taft to get the agreement of the senior pass judgement on of each concerned circuit ahead of assigning a pass judgement on, but it surely in September 1922 passed the bill, and the Judicial Conference of Senior Circuit Judges held its first assembly that December.[207]
The Supreme Court's docket used to be congested, swelled by way of war litigation and rules that allowed a celebration defeated within the circuit court docket of appeals to have the case made up our minds via the Supreme Court if a constitutional query used to be involved. Taft believed an appeal should generally be settled through the circuit court, with solely cases of major import made up our minds through the justices. He and other Supreme Court participants proposed law to make most of the court docket's docket discretionary, with a case getting full attention by way of the justices only if they granted a writ of certiorari. To Taft's frustration, Congress took 3 years to believe the matter. Taft and other participants of the court lobbied for the bill in Congress, and the Judges' Bill become regulation in February 1925. By overdue the following yr, Taft was ready to turn that the backlog was shrinking.[208]
When Taft changed into leader justice, the court didn't have its personal building and met within the Capitol. Its offices have been cluttered and overcrowded, however Fuller and White had been opposed to proposals to move the courtroom to its own construction. In 1925, Taft began a combat to get the court docket a building, and two years later Congress appropriated money to purchase the land, on the south side of the Capitol. Cass Gilbert had prepared plans for the construction, and used to be employed via the government as architect. Taft had was hoping to are living to look the court move into the brand new construction, nevertheless it did not do so until 1935, after Taft's loss of life.[209]
Declining health and death (1930)
Taft is remembered because the heaviest president; he was 5 ft 11 inches (1.80 m) tall and his weight peaked at 335–340 pounds (152–154 kg) toward the tip of his presidency,[210] although this later diminished, and by way of 1929 he weighed simply 244 pounds (111 kg). By the time Taft turned into leader justice, his health used to be starting to decline, and he sparsely planned a fitness regimen, strolling 3 miles (4.8 km) from his house to the Capitol on a daily basis. When he walked home after work, he would generally pass by the use of Connecticut Avenue and use a particular crossing over Rock Creek. After his dying, the crossing was named the Taft Bridge.[211]
Taft adopted a weight loss program and employed the British doctor N. E. Yorke-Davies as a dietary advisor. The two men corresponded regularly for over two decades, and Taft saved a day-to-day record of his weight, food consumption, and bodily job.[212]
Taft insisted that Charles Evans Hughes prevail him as chief justice.At Hoover's inauguration on March 4, 1929, Taft recited part of the oath incorrectly, later writing, "my memory is not always accurate and one sometimes becomes a little uncertain", misquoting again in that letter, otherwise.[213] His health progressively declined over the near-decade of his leader justiceship. Worried that if he retired his substitute could be chosen by means of President Herbert Hoover, whom he considered too progressive, he wrote his brother Horace in 1929, "I am older and slower and less acute and more confused. However, as long as things continue as they are, and I am able to answer to my place, I must stay on the court in order to prevent the Bolsheviki from getting control".[214]
Taft insisted on going to Cincinnati to wait the funeral of his brother Charles, who died on December 31, 1929; the tension didn't strengthen his personal well being. When the court docket reconvened on January 6, 1930, Taft had not returned to Washington, and two opinions were delivered through Van Devanter that Taft had drafted but were not able to finish as a result of his illness. Taft went to Asheville, North Carolina, for a rest, however by the top of January, he could slightly talk and used to be affected by hallucinations.[215] Taft was once afraid that Stone could be made chief justice; he did not surrender until he had secured assurances from Hoover that Hughes would be the selection.[ae][216] Returning to Washington after his resignation on February 3, Taft had slightly sufficient power to signal a respond to a letter of tribute from the 8 affiliate justices. He died at his house in Washington on March 8, 1930.[215]
Taft lay in state on the United States Capitol rotunda.[217] Three days following his loss of life, on March 11, he became the primary president and first member of the Supreme Court to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery.[218][219]James Earle Fraser sculpted his grave marker out of Stony Creek granite.[218]
Legacy and historical view
Taft's gravestone at Arlington National CemeteryLurie argued that Taft did not obtain the public credit for his insurance policies that he should have. Few trusts had been broken up underneath Roosevelt (although the complaints gained much publicity). Taft, more quietly than his predecessor, filed many more instances than did Roosevelt, and rejected his predecessor's rivalry that there used to be this sort of factor as a "good" consider. This lack of flair marred Taft's presidency; in line with Lurie, Taft "was boring—honest, likable, but boring".[220] Scott Bomboy for the National Constitution Center wrote that despite being "one of the most interesting, intellectual, and versatile presidents ... a chief justice of the United States, a wrestler at Yale, a reformer, a peace activist, and a baseball fan ... today, Taft is best remembered as the president who was so large that he got stuck in the White House bathtub," a story that's not true.[153][221] Taft in a similar fashion remains known for some other physical characteristic—as the ultimate president with facial hair so far.[222]
Mason called Taft's years within the White House "undistinguished".[203] Coletta deemed Taft to have had a cast report of bills passed by Congress, however felt he may have accomplished extra with political ability.[223] Anderson famous that Taft's prepresidential federal provider was completely in appointed posts, and that he had never run for an important government or legislative place, which would have allowed him to increase the skills to manipulate public opinion, "the presidency is no place for on-the-job training".[163] According to Coletta, "in troubled times in which the people demanded progressive change, he saw the existing order as good."[224]
Inevitably related with Roosevelt, Taft normally falls in the shadow of the flowery Rough Rider, who selected him to be president, and who took it away.[225] Yet, a portrait of Taft as a victim of betrayal by means of his absolute best good friend is incomplete: as Coletta put it, "Was he a poor politician because he was victimized or because he lacked the foresight and imagination to notice the storm brewing in the political sky until it broke and swamped him?"[226] Adept at the use of the levers of power in a way his successor could not, Roosevelt generally were given what was politically imaginable out of a situation. Taft was once normally sluggish to act, and when he did, his actions ceaselessly generated enemies, as in the Ballinger–Pinchot affair. Roosevelt was once able to protected sure protection within the newspapers; Taft had a pass judgement on's reticence in chatting with newshounds, and, with out a comment from the White House, antagonistic newshounds would offer the want with a quote from a Taft opponent.[227] And it was Roosevelt who engraved in public reminiscence the image of Taft as a Buchanan-like figure, with a slender view of the presidency which made him unwilling to behave for the public good. Anderson pointed out that Roosevelt's Autobiography (which placed this view in enduring form) was once published after both men had left the presidency (in 1913), was supposed partially to justify Roosevelt's splitting of the Republican Party, and incorporates no longer a unmarried certain reference to the person Roosevelt had admired and hand-picked as his successor. While Roosevelt used to be biased,[228] he was once not alone: each main newspaper reporter of that time who left recollections of Taft's presidency was once critical of him.[229] Taft replied to his predecessor's grievance with his constitutional treatise on the powers of the presidency.[228]
Four-cent stamp issued for Taft (1930)Taft used to be convinced he could be vindicated through historical past. After he left office, he was once estimated to be about in the middle of U.S. presidents by greatness, and next rankings through historians have through and big sustained that verdict. Coletta noted that this puts Taft in excellent company, with James Madison, John Quincy Adams and McKinley.[230] Lurie catalogued innovative inventions that took place below Taft, and argued that historians have lost sight of them because Taft was once now not an efficient political creator or speaker.[231] According to Gould, "the clichés about Taft's weight, his maladroitness in the White House, and his conservatism of thought and doctrine have an element of truth, but they fail to do justice to a shrewd commentator on the political scene, a man of consummate ambition, and a resourceful practitioner of the internal politics of his party."[232] Anderson deemed Taft's luck in changing into both president and chief justice "an astounding feat of inside judicial and Republican party politics, played out over years, the likes of which we are not likely to see again in American history".[183]
Taft has been rated a few of the largest of the chief justices;[233] later Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia famous that this was once "not so much on the basis of his opinions, perhaps because many of them ran counter to the ultimate sweep of history".[234] A successor as chief justice, Earl Warren, concurred: "In Taft's case, the symbol, the tag, the label usually attached to him is 'conservative.' It is certainly not of itself a term of opprobrium even when bandied by the critics, but its use is too often confused with 'reactionary.' "[176] Most commentators agree that as chief justice, Taft's most vital contribution used to be his advocacy for reform of the top courtroom, urging and in the end gaining growth within the courtroom's procedures and facilities.[176][187][235] Mason cited enactment of the Judges' Bill of 1925 as Taft's major achievement at the courtroom.[187] According to Anderson, Taft as chief justice "was as aggressive in the pursuit of his agenda in the judicial realm as Theodore Roosevelt was in the presidential".[236]
The area in Cincinnati where Taft used to be born and lived as a boy is now the William Howard Taft National Historic Site.[237] Taft used to be named one of the first Gold Medal Honorees of the National Institute of Social Sciences.[238] Taft's son Robert used to be an important political figure, becoming Senate Majority Leader and thrice a big contender for the Republican nomination for president. A conservative, every time he used to be defeated through a candidate backed by way of the more liberal Eastern Establishment wing of the celebration.[af][239]
Lurie concluded his account of William Taft's occupation,
While the fabled cherry trees in Washington constitute an acceptable monument for Nellie Taft, there is no memorial to her husband, except for in all probability the magnificent house for his Court—one for which he eagerly planned. But he died even sooner than ground was once damaged for the construction. As he reacted to his overwhelming defeat for reelection in 1912, Taft had written that "I must stay up for years if I'd be vindicated through the folks ... I am content material to wait. Perhaps he has waited long enough.[240]
Media
">Play media Collection of film clips of the president Speech: "The Farmer and the Republican Party", Kansas City, Missouri, 1908See also
Bibliography of William Howard Taft Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States History of the United States (1865–1918) List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of Presidents of the United States Taft on U.S. postage stampsNotes
^ Vice President Sherman died in office. As this used to be prior to the adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, a vacancy within the workplace of Vice President used to be no longer filled until the next resulting election and inauguration. ^ 1889 Ohio Misc. Lexis 119, 10 Ohio Dec. reprint 181 ^ Alphonso Taft died in 1891 in California, retired on account of sickness contracted throughout his diplomatic postings. See Pringle vol 1, p. 119. ^ 79 F. 561 (6th Cir. 1897) ^ Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Co. v. Voight, 176 U.S. 498 (1900). Only Justice Harlan dissented from the opinion for the Court written by Justice George Shiras. See Lurie, pp. 33–34. ^ 85 F. 271 (6th Cir. 1898) ^ One hundred seventy five U.S. 211 (1899) ^ His son, Douglas MacArthur, would additionally turn out to be a general and famously combat in the Philippines. ^ Fuller's longevity was a source of frustration and a few humor in the Roosevelt White House. Secretary Root originated a working funny story that Fuller would be discovered alive and clinging to his seat at the Day of Judgment, and would then must be shot. See Anderson 2000, p. 328. ^ In considered one of which Secretary Knox was stated to be a big stockholder. See Coletta 1973, p. 188. ^ Son of the overdue president ^ Hughes was Sixty seven when he started his 2d duration on the court docket, as leader justice succeeding Taft. ^ The others being Harlan Fiske Stone and William Rehnquist. ^ 198 U.S. 45 (1905) ^ The "Bull Moose Party", named by means of Roosevelt's comment he felt as strong as a young bull moose ^ Sherman used to be the closing American vice president to die in workplace. ^ Taft's 8 electoral votes set a file for futility by way of a Republican candidate matched by means of Alf Landon in 1936. ^ Sutherland was appointed to the high court docket in 1922. ^ The Republicans have been Hiram Johnson of California, William E. Borah of Idaho and La Follette of Wisconsin. The Democrat was Thomas E. Watson of Georgia. ^ 247 U.S. 251 (1918) ^ 259 U.S. 20 (1922). Justice John H. Clarke dissented with out opinion. ^ 258 U.S. 495 (1922) Justice Day did not take part and Justice James C. McReynolds dissented without opinion. ^ 261 U.S. 525 (1923) ^ 258 U.S. 298 (1922) ^ 272 U.S. 52 (1926) ^ 273 U.S. 135 (1927) ^ 268 U.S. 652 (1925) ^ 268 U.S. 510 (1925) ^ 260 U.S. 377 (1922) ^ 275 U.S. 78 (1927) ^ Stone was once made chief justice in 1941 by way of Franklin Roosevelt. ^ Wendell Willkie in 1940, Thomas Dewey in 1948 and Dwight Eisenhower in 1952References
^ .mw-parser-output cite.quotationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")appropriate 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:lend a hand.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")correct 0.1em middle/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;colour:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inheritJost, Kenneth (1993). The Supreme Court A to Z. CQ Press. p. 428. ISBN 9781608717446. ^ a b c d e f Gould, Louis L. (February 2000). Taft, William Howard. American National Biography Online. ISBN 978-0-679-80358-4. Retrieved February 14, 2016. ^ Lurie, pp. 4–5. ^ Lurie, pp. 4–7. ^ "10 birthday facts about President and Chief Justice William Howard Taft". National Constitution Center. September 15, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018. ^ Jackson, Abby; Sterbenz, Christina (December 6, 2015). "The 13 most powerful members of "Skull and Bones"". Business Insider. Retrieved December 6, 2020. ^ a b "Obituary: Taft Gained Peaks in Unusual Career". New York Times. March 9, 1930. ^ Lurie, p. 8. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 49–53. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 54–55. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 57–58. ^ Lurie, pp. 10–11. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 63–67. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 95–105. ^ Lurie, pp. 13–15. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 80–81. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 106–111. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 110–114. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 120–123. ^ Lurie, pp. 28–30. ^ Lurie, pp. 36–38. ^ Pringle vol 1, p. 143. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 23. ^ a b Pringle vol 1, p. 148. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 150–153. ^ John E. Noyes, "William Howard Taft and the Taft Arbitration Treaties." Villanova Law Review 56 (2011): 535+ online covers his career in international regulation and arbitration. ^ John P. Campbell, "Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911." Journal of American History 53.2 (1966): 279–298. online ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 159–162. ^ Lurie, pp. 41–42. ^ Lurie, p. 44. ^ Pringle vol 1, p. 174. ^ Pringle vol 1, p. 175. ^ Lurie, p. 50. ^ Lurie, pp. 52–55. ^ Burton 2004, pp. 35–37. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 242–247. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 251–255. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 6–7. ^ Lurie, p. 64. ^ Lurie, pp. 70–71. ^ Morris, p. 380. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 264–265. ^ Pringle vol 1, p. 279–283. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 305–310. ^ Pringle vol 1, p. 261. ^ Lurie, p. 67. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 293–295, 301. ^ Minger, pp. 269, 274. ^ Minger, pp. 281–282. ^ Minger, pp. 285, 291. ^ a b Anderson 1973, p. 37. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 321–322. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 337–338. ^ Morris, pp. 523–526. ^ Pringle vol 1, p. 347. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 348–353. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 15. ^ a b Coletta 1973, pp. 15–16. ^ Morris, p. 529. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 16–18. ^ Anderson 1973, p. 45. ^ Morris, pp. 524–525. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 358–360. ^ Lurie, p. 136. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 374–376. ^ Anderson 1973, p. 57. ^ Anderson 1973, p. 58. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 19. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 393–395. ^ Pringle vol 1, p. 395. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 45. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 383–387. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 50. ^ Rouse, Robert (March 15, 2006). "Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference – 93 years young!". American Chronicle. ^ Anderson 1973, p. 60. ^ Anderson 1973, p. 68. ^ Anderson 1973, p. 71. ^ Scholes and Scholes, p. 25. ^ a b Coletta 1973, pp. 183–185. ^ Anderson 1973, pp. 276–278. ^ Lurie, pp. 102–103. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 56–58. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 60–65. ^ Anderson 1973, pp. 102–108. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 65–71. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 141–152. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 593–595. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 185, 190. ^ a b Anderson 1973, p. 271. ^ Burton 2004, p. 70. ^ Burton 2004, p. 72. ^ a b Harris 2009, pp. 1–2. ^ Burton 2004, pp. 66–67. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 187–190. ^ Burton 2004, pp. 67–69. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 186–187. ^ Scholes and Scholes, p. 109. ^ Scholes and Scholes, pp. 21–23. ^ Anderson 1973, pp. 250–255. ^ Scholes and Scholes, pp. 126–129. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 194–195. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 196. ^ Scholes and Scholes, pp. 217–221. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 198–199. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 199–200. ^ Scholes and Scholes, pp. 19–21. ^ Burton 2004, pp. 82–83. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 168–169. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 154–157. ^ a b Coletta 1973, pp. 157–159. ^ Lurie, pp. 145–147. ^ Lurie, p. 149. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 160–163. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 77–82. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 483–485. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 85–86, 89. ^ a b Coletta 1973, pp. 89–92. ^ Pringle vol 1, p. 510. ^ Lurie, p. 113. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 507–509. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 94. ^ Pringle vol 1, pp. 509–513. ^ Harlan, Louis R. (1983). Booker T. Washington : Volume 2: The Wizard Of Tuskegee, 1901–1915. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-19-972909-8. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 30. ^ Katherine D. Moran, "Catholicism and the Making of the US Pacific." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 12.4 (2013): 434–474. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 28. ^ Anderson 2000, p. 332. ^ Lurie, p. 121. ^ Lurie, pp. 123–127. ^ Lurie, pp. 127–128. ^ Anderson 2000, pp. 339–340. ^ "Biographical Dictionary of the Federal Judiciary". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the unique on July 30, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016. searches run from web page, "select research categories" then check "court type" and "nominating president", then choose the courtroom sort and likewise William H. Taft. ^ "Commerce Court, 1910–1913". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 13, 2016. ^ Lurie, pp. 129–130. ^ a b Pringle vol 2, pp. 569–579. ^ a b Murphy, pp. 110–113. ^ Murphy, pp. 117–119. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 222–225. ^ Pavord, pp. 635–640. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 226–230. ^ Lurie, p. 157. ^ Anderson 1973, pp. 183–185. ^ Lurie, p. 158. ^ Hawley, p. 208. ^ Lurie, pp. 163–166. ^ a b Hawley, p. 209. ^ Lewis L. Gould, "1912 Republican Convention: Return of the Rough Rider" Smithsonian Magazine (Aug 2009) ^ a b Lurie, p. 166. ^ Gould 2008, p. 72. ^ Dean, pp. 29–30. ^ Pavord, p. 643. ^ Anderson 1973, p. 193. ^ a b Bomboy, Scott (February 6, 2013). "Clearing Up the William Howard Taft Bathtub Myth". National Constitution Center. Archived from the unique on May 29, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2016. ^ Hawley, pp. 213–218. ^ Milkis, Sidney M. (June 11, 2012). "The Transformation of American Democracy: Teddy Roosevelt, the 1912 Election, and the Progressive Party". First Principles Series Report #Forty three on Political Thought. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. ^ Pringle vol 2, p. 818. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 832–835. ^ Lurie, pp. 169–171. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 836–841. ^ Gould 2008, pp. 132, 176. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 5–12. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 856–857. ^ a b Anderson 1982, p. 27. ^ Gould 2014, p. 14. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 19–20. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 45, 57–69. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 859–860. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 47–49. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 69–71. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 890–899. ^ "Taft Joins Home Guard to Defend Connecticut". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. March 25, 1917. p. 5 – by the use of Newspapers.com. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 87–91. ^ "Taft and Davison now Majors General". New-York Tribune. New York, NY. August 8, 1917. p. 2 – by way of Newspapers.com. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 93, 95. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 107–110. ^ a b c Warren, p. 360. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 110–134. ^ Pringle vol 2, p. 949. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 166–168. ^ Gould 2014, p. 168. ^ Pringle vol 2, p. 956. ^ a b Pringle vol 2, pp. 957–959. ^ a b Anderson 2000, p. 345. ^ Trani & Wilson, pp. 48–49. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 170–171. ^ a b Mason, pp. 37–38. ^ a b c Mason, p. 37. ^ Regan, pp. 90–91. ^ Regan, pp. 91–92. ^ Regan, p. 92. ^ Pringle vol 2, p. 1049. ^ Torruella, Juan (1988). The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico: The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal. San Juan: Editorial de los angeles Universidad de Puerto Rico. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-0-8477-3019-3. ^ Regan, pp. 94–95. ^ Myers, 272 U.S. at 166, 176 ^ Pringle vol 2, p. 1025. ^ Regan, pp. 95–96. ^ a b Regan, p. 96. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 985–986. ^ White, G. Edward (2015). "The lost episode of Gong Lum v. Rice" (PDF). Green Bag. 18 (2): 191–205. ^ Mason, p. 38. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 1057–1064. ^ Pringle vol 2, p. 969. ^ a b Mason, p. 36. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 973–974. ^ Warren, p. 359. ^ Scalia, pp. 849–850. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 995–996. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 996–1000. ^ Warren, pp. 361–362. ^ Sotos, John G. (September 2003). "Taft and Pickwick". Chest. 124 (3): 1133–1142. doi:10.1378/chest.124.3.1133. PMID 12970047. Archived from the unique on January 31, 2013. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 963–964, 1072. ^ Bivins, Roberta; Marland, Hilary (2016). "Weighting for Health: Management, Measurement and Self-surveillance in the Modern Household". Social History of Medicine. 29 (4): 757–780. doi:10.1093/shm/hkw015. PMC 5146684. PMID 27956758. ^ Bendat, Jim (2012). Democracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President. iUniverse. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-1-935278-48-1. ^ Pringle vol 2, pp. 963, 967. ^ a b Pringle vol 2, pp. 1077–1079. ^ Anderson 2000, pp. 349–350. ^ "Lying in State or in Honor". US Architect of the Capitol (AOC). Retrieved September 1, 2018. ^ a b "Biography of William Howard Taft, President of the United States and Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court". Historical Information. Arlington National Cemetery. Archived from the unique on December 6, 2006. Retrieved February 24, 2016. ^ Gresko, Jessica (May 25, 2011). "Supreme Court at Arlington: Justices are Chummy Even in Death". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 6, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2016. ^ Lurie, pp. 196–197. ^ Coe, Alexis (September 15, 2017). "William Howard Taft Is Still Stuck in the Tub". The New York Times. ^ Allan D. Peterkin (2001), One thousand beards: a cultural historical past of facial hair, pp. 36–37, ISBN 9781551521077 ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 259, 264–265. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 266. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 260. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 265. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 262–263. ^ a b Anderson 1982, pp. 30–32. ^ Coletta 1973, p. 290. ^ Coletta 1973, pp. 255–256. ^ Lurie, p. 198. ^ Gould 2014, pp. 3–4. ^ Coletta 1989, p. xviii. ^ Scalia, p. 849. ^ Coletta 1989, p. 201. ^ Anderson 2000, p. 352. ^ Lee, Antoinette J. (December 1986). "Chapter 1: The Property: Its Development and Historical Associations". William Howard Taft National Historic Site: An Administrative History. National Park Service. Retrieved February 26, 2016. ^ "Gold Medal Honorees". National Institute of Social Sciences. Retrieved April 23, 2020. ^ Rae, Nicol C. (February 2000). Taft, Robert Alphonso. American National Biography Online. ISBN 978-0-679-80358-4. Retrieved February 26, 2016. ^ Lurie, p. 200.Sources and extra reading
Anderson, Donald F. (1973). William Howard Taft: A Conservative's Conception of the Presidency. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0786-4. Anderson, Donald F. (Winter 1982). "The Legacy of William Howard Taft". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 12 (1): 26–33. JSTOR 27547774. Anderson, Judith Icke. William Howard Taft, an Intimate History (1981) Ballard, Rene N. "The Administrative Theory of William Howard Taft." Western Political Quarterly 7.1 (1954): 65-74 online. Burns, Adam David. "Imperial vision: William Howard Taft and the Philippines, 1900-1921.". (PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 2010) on-line Burton, David H. (2004). William Howard Taft, Confident Peacemaker. Philadelphia: Saint Joseph's University Press. ISBN 978-0-916101-51-0. Burton, David H. Taft, Roosevelt, and the boundaries of friendship (2005) on-line Butt, Archibald W. Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie Butt, Military Aide (2 vols. 1930), precious number one supply. vol 1 on-line additionally vol 2 on-line Coletta, Paolo E. "William Howard Taft." in The Presidents: A Reference History (1997) Coletta, Paolo E. "The Election of 1908" in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and Fred L Israel, eds., History of American Presidential Elections: 1789-1968 (1971) 3: 2049–2131. on-line Coletta, Paolo E. "The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft," in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker, eds., American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review (Greenwood, 1981) Coletta, Paolo Enrico (1989). William Howard Taft: A Bibliography. Westport, CT: Meckler Corporation. Coletta, Paolo Enrico (1973). The Presidency of William Howard Taft. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Collin, Richard H. "Symbiosis versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft." Diplomatic History 19#3 (1995): 473-497 on-line. Korzi, Michael J., "William Howard Taft, the 1908 Election, and the Future of the American Presidency," Congress and the Presidency, 43 (May–August 2016), 227–54. Dean, John W. (2004). Warren Harding (Kindle ed.). Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-6956-3. Delahaye, Claire. "The New Nationalism and Progressive Issues: The Break with Taft and the 1912 Campaign," in Serge Ricard, ed., A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt (2011) pp 452–67. online Ellis, L. Ethan. Reciprocity, 1911: A Study in Canadian-American Relations (Yale UP, 1939) Goodwin, Doris Kearns. The bully pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of journalism (2013) online Gould, Lewis L. The William Howard Taft Presidency (University Press of Kansas, 2009). Gould, Lewis L. (2014). Chief Executive to Chief Justice:Taft Betwixt the White House and Supreme Court. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2001-2. Gould, Lewis L. (2008). Four Hats within the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1564-3. Gould, Lewis L. "Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Disputed Delegates in 1912: Texas as a Test Case." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 80.1 (1976): 33-Fifty six online. Hahn, Harlan. "The Republican Party Convention of 1912 and the Role of Herbert S. Hadley in National Politics." Missouri Historical Review 59.4 (1965): 407–423. Taft used to be prepared to compromise with Missouri Governor Herbert S. Hadley as presidential nominee; TR mentioned no. Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4652-0. Hawley, Joshua David (2008). Theodore Roosevelt: Preacher of Righteousness. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14514-4. Hechler, Kenneth W. Insurgency: Personalities and Politics of the Taft Era (1940), on Taft's Republican enemies in 1910. Hindman, E. James. "The General Arbitration Treaties of William Howard Taft." The Historian 36.1 (1973): 52-Sixty five online. Lurie, Jonathan (2011). William Howard Taft: Progressive Conservative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51421-7. Manners, William. TR and Will: A Friendship That Split the Republican Party (1969) covers 1910 to 1912. Mason, Alpheus T. Bureaucracy Convicts Itself: The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy of 1910 (1941) Minger, Ralph Eldin (August 1961). "Taft's Missions to Japan: A Study in Personal Diplomacy". Pacific Historical Review. 30 (3): 279–294. doi:10.2307/3636924. JSTOR 3636924. Morris, Edmund (2001). Theodore Rex. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-55509-6. Murphy, John (1995). "'Back to the Constitution': Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Republican Party Division 1910–1912". Irish Journal of American Studies. 4: 109–126. JSTOR 30003333. Noyes, John E. "William Howard Taft and the Taft Arbitration Treaties." Villanova Law Review 56 (2011): 535+ on-line covers his profession in international regulation and arbitration. Pavord, Andrew C. (Summer 1996). "The Gamble for Power: Theodore Roosevelt's Decision to Run for the Presidency in 1912". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 26 (3): 633–647. JSTOR 27551622. Ponder, Stephen. "'Nonpublicity' and the Unmaking of a President: William Howard Taft and the Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy of 1909–1910." Journalism History 19.4 (1994): 111–120. Pringle, Henry F. (1939). The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography. 1., detailed protection, to 1910 Pringle, Henry F. (1939). The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography. 2. vol 2 covers the presidency after 1910 & Supreme Court Rosen, Jeffrey. William Howard Taft: The American Presidents Series (2018) excerpt Schambra, William. "The Election of 1912 and the Origins of Constitutional Conservatism." in Toward an American Conservatism (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). 95-119. Scholes, Walter V; Scholes, Marie V. (1970). The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-0094-5. Schultz, L. Peter. "William Howard Taft: A constitutionalist's view of the presidency." Presidential Studies Quarterly 9#4 (1979): 402-414 on-line. Solvick, Stanley D. "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 50#3 (1963): 424-442 online. Taft, William Howard. The Collected Works of William Howard Taft (Eight vol. Ohio University Press, 20012004) excerpts. Taft, William H. Four Aspects of Civic Duty; and, Present Day Problems ed. by way of David H. Burton and A. E. Campbell (Ohio UP, 2000). Taft, William Howard. Present Day Problems: A Collection of Addresses Delivered on Various Occasions (Best Books, 1908) online. Trani, Eugene P.; Wilson, David L. (1977). The Presidency of Warren G. Harding. American Presidency. The Regents Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0152-3.Supreme Court Anderson, Donald F. (Winter 2000). "Building National Consensus: The Career of William Howard Taft". University of Cincinnati Law Review. 68: 323–356. Crowe, Justin. "The forging of judicial autonomy: Political entrepreneurship and the reforms of William Howard Taft." Journal of Politics 69.1 (2007): 73-87 on-line Fish, Peter G. "William Howard Taft and Charles Evans Hughes: Conservative Politicians as Chief Judicial Reformers." The Supreme Court Review 1975 (1975): 123-145 on-line. Mason, Alpheus T. The Supreme Court From Taft to Burger (2nd ed. 1980) Mason, Alpheus Thomas (January 1969). "President by Chance, Chief Justice by Choice". American Bar Association Journal. 55 (1): 35–39. JSTOR 25724643. Post, Robert. "Judicial Management and Judicial Disinterest: The Achievements and Perils of Chief Justice William Howard Taft." Journal of Supreme Court History (1998) 1: 50–78. on-line. Post, Robert C. "Chief Justice William Howard Taft and the concept of federalism." Constitutional Commentary 9 (1992): 199+ on-line. Regan, Richard J. (2015). A Constitutional History of the U.S. Supreme Court. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-2721-4. Rooney, William H., and Timothy G. Fleming. "William Howard Taft, the Origin of the Rule of Reason, and the Actavis Challenge." Columbia Business Law Review (2018) 1number one: 1–24. on-line. Scalia, Antonin (1989). "Originalism: The Lesser Evil". University of Cincinnati Law Review. 57: 849–864. Starr, Kenneth W. "The Supreme Court and Its Shrinking Docket: The Ghost of William Howard Taft." Minnesota Law Review 90 (2005): 1363–1385 online. Starr, Kenneth W. "William Howard Taft: The Chief Justice as Judicial Architect." U. of Cincinnati Law Review 60 (1991): 963+. Taft, William Howard. "The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Under the Act of February 13, 1925." The Yale Law Journal 35.1 (1925): 1-12. Warren, Earl (January 1958). "Chief Justice William Howard Taft". The Yale Law Journal. 67 (3): 353–362. doi:10.2307/793882. JSTOR 793882. Wilensky, Norman N. (1965). Conservatives within the Progressive Era: The Taft Republicans of 1912. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.External hyperlinks
William Howard Taftat Wikipedia's sister projectsDefinitions from WiktionaryMedia from Wikimedia CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from Wikisource Official William Taft National Historic SiteSpeeches Text of quite a lot of Taft speeches, Miller Center of Public Affairs Audio clips of Taft's speeches, Michigan State University LibrariesMedia coverage "William Howard Taft collected news and commentary". The New York Times.Other William Howard Taft: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Extensive essay on William Howard Taft and shorter essays on every member of his cupboard and the First Lady – Miller Center of Public Affairs "Life Portrait of William Howard Taft", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, September 6, 1999 "Growing into Public Service: William Howard Taft's Boyhood Home", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan Works by way of William Howard Taft at Project Gutenberg Works via or about William Howard Taft at Internet Archive Works by means of William Howard Taft at LibriVox (public area audiobooks) William Howard Taft at IMDb vteWilliam Howard Taft tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930) twenty seventh President of the United States (1909–1913) third Provisional Governor of Cuba (1904) 42nd United States Secretary of War (1904–1908) Governor-General of the Philippines (1901–1904) 6th Solicitor General of the United States (1890–1892)Presidency 1909 inauguration Dollar international relations Income Tax amendment Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act Mann–Elkins Act Defense Secrets Act of 1911 Commission on Economy and Efficiency U.S. profession of Nicaragua United States Chamber of Commerce Ceremonial first pitch State of the Union Address 1912 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court First Oval OfficeChief Justice,Supreme Court Supreme Court career Judiciary Act of 1925 Creation of the Supreme Court Building Taft Court casesOther actions Taft Commission Insular Government of the Philippine Islands Philippines Civil Governor, 1901–1904 Taft–Katsura settlement 1906–1909 Occupation of Cuba League to Enforce Peace National War Labor BoardLife and legacy Early lifestyles Birthplace, house, and historic site Woodbury Point Taft Bridge Bibliography U.S. Postage stamps High school (New York City Chicago)Elections 1908 Republican National Convention 1908 U.S. presidential election 1912 Republican National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential electionFamily Helen Herron Taft (spouse) Robert Alphonso Taft (son) Helen Taft Manning (daughter) Charles Phelps Taft II (son) William Howard Taft III (grandson) Robert Alphonso Taft Jr. (grandson) Seth Taft (grandson) Alphonso Taft (father) Louise Taft (mom) Charles Phelps Taft (brother) Henry Waters Taft (brother) Horace Dutton Taft (brother) Peter Rawson Taft (paternal grandfather)Related Progressive Era Backstairs at the White House (1979 miniseries) ← Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson →Category Offices and distinctions Legal workplaces Preceded throughJudson Harmon Judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati1887–1890 Succeeded viaSamuel Furman Hunt Preceded byOrlow W. Chapman Solicitor General of the United States1890–1892 Succeeded byCharles H. Aldrich New seat Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit1892–1900 Succeeded viaHenry Franklin Severens Preceded throughEdward Douglass White Chief Justice of the United States1921–1930 Succeeded by way ofCharles Evans Hughes Political places of work Preceded by means ofJacob Gould Schurmanas Chairman of the Schurman Commission Chair of the Taft Commission1900–1901 Succeeded byHimselfas Chair of the Philippine Commission Preceded by way ofArthur MacArthur Jr. Governor-General of the Philippines1901–1904 Served alongside: Adna Chaffee Succeeded by means ofLuke Edward Wright Preceded byHimselfas Chairman of the Taft Commission Chair of the Philippine Commission1901–1903 Preceded viaElihu Root United States Secretary of War1904–1908 Succeeded throughLuke Edward Wright Preceded by way ofTomás Estrada Palmaas President of Cuba Governor of CubaActing1906 Succeeded viaCharles Edward MagoonActing Preceded by way ofTheodore Roosevelt President of the United States1909–1913 Succeeded viaWoodrow Wilson Party political workplaces Preceded by way ofTheodore Roosevelt Republican nominee for President of the United States1908, 1912 Succeeded by means ofCharles Evans Hughes Preceded viaWarren G. 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Johnson Slezak Finucane Milton Ailes Ignatius Resor McGiffert Beal BeLieu Staudt Augustine LaBerge Ambrose Stone Shannon Reeder Walker Rostker Dahlberg Brownlee Geren Ford Westphal Carson Murphy McCarthy McPherson vteUnited States Solicitors General Bristow Phillips Goode Jenks Chapman Taft Aldrich Maxwell Conrad Richards Hoyt Bowers Lehmann Bullitt Davis King Frierson Beck Mitchell Hughes Thacher Biggs Reed Jackson Biddle Fahy McGrath Perlman Cummings Sobeloff Rankin Cox Marshall Griswold Bork McCree Lee Fried Starr Days Dellinger Waxman Underwood Olson Clement Garre Kneedler Kagan Katyal Verrilli Gershengorn Francisco Wall Francisco Wall PrelogarActing officeholders proven in italics vteJustices of the Supreme Court of the United StatesChief justices John Jay (1789–1795, cases) John Rutledge (1795, instances) Oliver Ellsworth (1796–1800, cases) John Marshall (1801–1835, instances) Roger B. Taney (1836–1864, instances) Salmon P. Chase (1864–1873, instances) Morrison Waite (1874–1888, instances) Melville Fuller (1888–1910, instances) Edward Douglass White (1910–1921, instances) William Howard Taft (1921–1930, cases) Charles Evans Hughes (1930–1941, instances) Harlan F. Stone (1941–1946, instances) Fred M. Vinson (1946–1953, circumstances) Earl Warren (1953–1969, instances) Warren E. Burger (1969–1986, circumstances) William Rehnquist (1986–2005, cases) John Roberts (2005–provide, circumstances)Associate justices J. Rutledge* (1790–1791) Cushing (1790–1810) Wilson (1789–1798) Blair (1790–1795) Iredell (1790–1799) T. Johnson (1792–1793) Paterson (1793–1806) S. Chase (1796–1811) Washington (1798–1829) Moore (1800–1804) W. Johnson (1804–1834) Livingston (1807–1823) Todd (1807–1826) Duvall (1811–1835) Story (1812–1845) Thompson (1823–1843) Trimble (1826–1828) McLean (1830–1861) Baldwin (1830–1844) Wayne (1835–1867) Barbour (1836–1841) Catron (1837–1865) McKinley (1838–1852) Daniel (1842–1860) Nelson (1845–1872) Woodbury (1845–1851) Grier (1846–1870) Curtis (1851–1857) Campbell (1853–1861) Clifford (1858–1881) Swayne (1862–1881) Miller (1862–1890) Davis (1862–1877) Field (1863–1897) Strong (1870–1880) Bradley (1870–1892) Hunt (1873–1882) J. M. Harlan (1877–1911) Woods (1881–1887) Matthews (1881–1889) Gray (1882–1902) Blatchford (1882–1893) L. Lamar (1888–1893) Brewer (1890–1910) Brown (1891–1906) Shiras (1892–1903) H. Jackson (1893–1895) E. White* (1894–1910) Peckham (1896–1909) McKenna (1898–1925) Holmes (1902–1932) Day (1903–1922) Moody (1906–1910) Lurton (1910–1914) Hughes* (1910–1916) Van Devanter (1911–1937) J. Lamar (1911–1916) Pitney (1912–1922) McReynolds (1914–1941) Brandeis (1916–1939) Clarke (1916–1922) Sutherland (1922–1938) Butler (1923–1939) Sanford (1923–1930) Stone* (1925–1941) O. Roberts (1930–1945) Cardozo (1932–1938) Black (1937–1971) Reed (1938–1957) Frankfurter (1939–1962) Douglas (1939–1975) Murphy (1940–1949) Byrnes (1941–1942) R. Jackson (1941–1954) W. Rutledge (1943–1949) Burton (1945–1958) Clark (1949–1967) Minton (1949–1956) J. M. Harlan II (1955–1971) Brennan (1956–1990) Whittaker (1957–1962) Stewart (1958–1981) B. White (1962–1993) Goldberg (1962–1965) Fortas (1965–1969) T. Marshall (1967–1991) Blackmun (1970–1994) Powell (1972–1987) Rehnquist* (1972–1986) Stevens (1975–2010) O'Connor (1981–2006) Scalia (1986–2016) Kennedy (1988–2018) Souter (1990–2009) Thomas (1991–provide) Ginsburg (1993–2020) Breyer (1994–present) Alito (2006–provide) Sotomayor (2009–provide) Kagan (2010–provide) Gorsuch (2017–provide) Kavanaugh (2018–provide) Barrett (2020–provide) *Also served as Chief Justice of the United States vteAmerican governors-general of the Philippines1898–1935Military authorities (1898–1902) Merritt Otis MacArthur ChaffeeInsular Government (1901–1935) Taft Wright Ide Smith Forbes Gilbert Harrison Yeater Wood Gilmore Stimson Gilmore Davis Butte Roosevelt Murphy Smallcaps indicate military governors Italics point out performing governors vteCabinet of President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)Secretary of State John Hay (1901–1905) Elihu Root (1905–1909) Robert Bacon (1909)Secretary of the Treasury Lyman J. Gage (1901–1902) L. M. Shaw (1902–1907) George B. Cortelyou (1907–1909)Secretary of War Elihu Root (1901–1904) William Howard Taft (1904–1908) Luke Edward Wright (1908–1909)Attorney General Philander C. Knox (1901–1904) William Henry Moody (1904–1906) Charles Joseph Bonaparte (1906–1909)Postmaster General Charles Emory Smith (1901–1902) Henry Clay Payne (1902–1904) Robert Wynne (1904–1905) George B. Cortelyou (1905–1907) George von Lengerke Meyer (1907–1909)Secretary of the Navy John Davis Long (1901–1902) William Henry Moody (1902–1904) Paul Morton (1904–1905) Charles Joseph Bonaparte (1905–1906) Victor H. Metcalf (1906–1908) Truman Handy Newberry (1908–1909)Secretary of the Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock (1901–1907) James Rudolph Garfield (1907–1909)Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson (1901–1909)Secretary of Commerce and Labor George B. Cortelyou (1903–1904) Victor H. Metcalf (1904–1906) Oscar Straus (1906–1909) vteRepublican Party History National Union Party Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party SystemPresidentialticketsandnationalconventions 1856 (Philadelphia): Frémont/Dayton 1860 (Chicago): Lincoln/Hamlin 1864 (Baltimore): Lincoln/Johnson 1868 (Chicago): Grant/Colfax 1872 (Philadelphia): Grant/Wilson 1876 (Cincinnati): Hayes/Wheeler 1880 (Chicago): Garfield/Arthur 1884 (Chicago): Blaine/Logan 1888 (Chicago): Harrison/Morton 1892 (Minneapolis): Harrison/Reid 1896 (Saint Louis): McKinley/Hobart 1900 (Philadelphia): McKinley/Roosevelt 1904 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Fairbanks 1908 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman 1912 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman/Butler 1916 (Chicago): Hughes/Fairbanks 1920 (Chicago): Harding/Coolidge 1924 (Cleveland): Coolidge/Dawes 1928 (Kansas City): Hoover/Curtis 1932 (Chicago): Hoover/Curtis 1936 (Cleveland): Landon/Knox 1940 (Philadelphia): Willkie/McNary 1944 (Chicago): Dewey/Bricker 1948 (Philadelphia): Dewey/Warren 1952 (Chicago): Eisenhower/Nixon 1956 (San Francisco): Eisenhower/Nixon 1960 (Chicago): Nixon/Lodge 1964 (San Francisco): Goldwater/Miller 1968 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew 1972 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew 1976 (Kansas City): Ford/Dole 1980 (Detroit): Reagan/G. H. W. Bush 1984 (Dallas): Reagan/G. H. W. Bush 1988 (New Orleans): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle 1992 (Houston): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle 1996 (San Diego): Dole/Kemp 2000 (Philadelphia): G. W. Bush/Cheney 2004 (New York): G. W. Bush/Cheney 2008 (St. Paul): McCain/Palin 2012 (Tampa): Romney/Ryan 2016 (Cleveland): Trump/Pence 2020 (Charlotte/different places): Trump/PencePresidentialadministrations Lincoln (1861–1865) Johnson (1865–1868) Grant (1869–1877) Hayes (1877–1881) Garfield (1881) Arthur (1881–1885) Harrison (1889–1893) McKinley (1897–1901) Roosevelt (1901–1909) Taft (1909–1913) Harding (1921–1923) Coolidge (1923–1929) Hoover (1929–1933) Eisenhower (1953–1961) Nixon (1969–1974) Ford (1974–1977) Reagan (1981–1989) Bush (1989–1993) Bush (2001–2009) Trump (2017–2021)U.S. Senateleaders J. P. Hale (1859–1862) Anthony (1862–1884) Sherman (1884–1885) Edmunds (1885–1891) Sherman (1891–1897) Allison (1897–1908) E. Hale (1908–1911) Cullom (1911–1913) Gallinger (1913–1918) Lodge (1918–1924) Curtis (1924–1929) Watson (1929–1933) McNary (1933–1940) Austin (1940–1941) McNary (1941–1944) White (1944–1949) Wherry (1949–1952) Bridges (1952–1953) Taft (1953) Knowland (1953–1959) Dirksen (1959–1969) Scott (1969–1977) Baker (1977–1979) Stevens (1979–1980) Baker (1980–1985) Dole (1985–1996) Lott (1996–2003) Frist (2003–2007) McConnell (2007–present)U.S. Houseleaders Pennington (1860–1861) Grow (1861–1863) Colfax (1863–1869) Pomeroy (1869) Blaine (1869–1875) McCrary (1875–1877) Hale (1877–1879) Frye (1879–1881) Keifer (1881–1883) Cannon (1883–1889) Reed (1889–1891) T. J. Henderson (1891–1895) Reed (1895–1899) D. B. Henderson (1899–1903) Cannon (1903–1911) Mann (1911–1919) Gillett (1919–1925) Longworth (1925–1931) Snell (1931–1939) Martin (1939–1959) Halleck (1959–1965) Ford (1965–1973) Rhodes (1973–1981) Michel (1981–1995) Gingrich (1995–1999) Hastert (1999–2007) Boehner (2007–2015) Ryan (2015–2019) McCarthy (2019–provide)Chairs ofthe RNC Morgan Raymond Ward Claflin Morgan Chandler Cameron Jewell Sabin Jones Quay Clarkson Campbell Carter Hanna Payne Cortelyou New Hitchcock Hill Rosewater Hilles Wilcox Hays Adams Butler Work Huston Fess Sanders Fletcher Hamilton Martin Walsh Spangler Brownell Reece Scott Gabrielson Summerfield Roberts Hall Alcorn T. Morton Miller Burch Bliss R. Morton Dole Bush Smith Brock Richards Laxalt/Fahrenkopf Fahrenkopf Atwater Yeutter Bond Barbour Nicholson Gilmore Racicot Gillespie Mehlman Martínez/Duncan Duncan Steele Priebus Romney McDanielParties bystate andterritoryState Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin WyomingTerritory American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin IslandsAffiliated organizationsFundraisinggroups National Republican Congressional Committee National Republican Senatorial Committee Republican Governors AssociationSectionalgroups College Republicans Chairmen Congressional Hispanic Conference Log Cabin Republicans Republican Jewish Coalition Republican National Hispanic Assembly Republicans Abroad Teen Age Republicans Young Republicans Republicans OverseasFactionalgroups Republican Main Street Partnership Republican Majority for Choice Republican Liberty Caucus Republican National Coalition for Life Republican Study Committee ConservAmerica Liberty Caucus Freedom Caucus Ripon Society The Wish List Tuesday GroupRelated Primaries Debates 2009 chairmanship election 2011 chairmanship election 2013 chairmanship election 2015 chairmanship election 2017 chairmanship election Bibliography International Democrat Union Timeline of modern American conservatism vteCabinet of President William Howard Taft (1909–1913)Secretary of State Philander C. Knox (1909–1913)Secretary of the Treasury Franklin MacVeagh (1909–1913)Secretary of War Jacob M. Dickinson (1909–1911) Henry L. Stimson (1911–1913)Attorney General George W. Wickersham (1909–1913)Postmaster General Frank Harris Hitchcock (1909–1913)Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer (1909–1913)Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger (1909–1911) Walter L. Fisher (1911–1913)Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson (1909–1913)Secretary of Commerce and Labor Charles Nagel (1909–1913) vte(1904 ←) 1908 United States presidential election (→ 1912)Democratic PartyConventionNominee William Jennings BryanVP nominee John W. KernCandidates George Gray John Albert JohnsonRepublican PartyConventionNominee William Howard TaftVP nominee James S. ShermanCandidates Philander C. Knox Charles W. Fairbanks Robert M. La Follette Joseph B. Foraker L. M. ShawThird party and impartial candidatesSocialist PartyNominee Eugene V. DebsVP nominee Ben HanfordProhibition PartyNominee Eugene W. ChafinVP nominee Aaron S. WatkinsIndependence PartyNominee Thomas L. HisgenVP nominee John Temple GravesPopulist PartyNominee Thomas E. WatsonVP nominee Samuel Williams Other 1908 elections: House Senate vte(1908 ←) 1912 United States presidential election (→ 1916)Democratic PartyConventionNominee Woodrow WilsonVP nominee Thomas R. MarshallCandidates Champ Clark Judson Harmon Oscar Underwood Thomas R. Marshall Eugene FossRepublican PartyConventionNominee William Howard TaftVP nominee Nicholas Murray Butler James S. ShermanApplicants Theodore Roosevelt Robert M. La FolletteProgressive PartyConventionNominee Theodore RooseveltVP nominee Hiram JohnsonSocialist PartyNominee Eugene V. DebsVP nominee Emil SeidelThird occasion and unbiased candidatesProhibition PartyNominee Eugene W. ChafinVP nominee Aaron S. WatkinsSocialist Labor PartyNominee Arthur E. ReimerVP nominee August Gillhaus Other 1912 elections: House Senate vteLain in state (United States)Lain in stateUS Capitol rotunda Clay (1852) Lincoln (1865, funeral)‡ Stevens (1868) Sumner (1874) Wilson (1875) Garfield (1881)‡ Logan (1886) McKinley (1901)‡ L'Enfant (1909)1 Dewey (1917) Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921) Harding (1923) W. H. Taft (1930) Pershing (1948) R. A. Taft (1953) Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958) Kennedy (1963, funeral)‡ MacArthur (1964) H. Hoover (1964) Eisenhower (1969) Dirksen (1969) J. E. Hoover (1972) Johnson (1973) Humphrey (1978) Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)2 Pepper (1989) Reagan (2004, funeral) Ford (2006–07, funeral) Inouye (2012) McCain (2018) Bush (2018, funeral) Cummings (2019)3 Lewis (2020) Ginsburg (2020, funeral)3,4Lain in honorUS Capitol rotunda Chestnut (1998) and Gibson (1998) Parks (2005) Graham (2018) Sicknick (2021) Evans (2021)Lain in reposeGreat Hall of theUS Supreme Court Warren (1974) Marshall (1993) Burger (1995) Brennan (1997) Blackmun (1999) Rehnquist (2005) Scalia (2016) Stevens (2019) Ginsburg (2020, funeral)4Bold - Presidents and Chief Justices • ‡ - Assassinated1 Died in 1825, exhumed and honored before reinterment • 2 Later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael Blassie • 3 Lain in state in the National Statuary Hall, not in the USA Capitol rotunda • 4 Lain in repose and Lain in state Authority keep an eye on BIBSYS: 5006858 BNE: XX1343263 BNF: cb11952971c (knowledge) CANTIC: a1160864x CiNii: DA05210736 GND: 118801198 ISNI: 0000 0000 8385 8600 LCCN: n79022244 MBA: 660d9a87-13f2-4688-8741-210d439a9d48 NARA: 10582634 NDL: 00681211 NKC: mzk2005306693 NLA: 35247009 NLI: 000279799, 000614877 NTA: 06938228X PLWABN: 9810630110005606 RERO: 02-A011535519 SNAC: w64n9tkk, w6n58jbk SUDOC: 027504654 Trove: 880877, 1287168 VcBA: 495/264628 VIAF: 59091219 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79022244 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Howard_Taft&oldid=1016297348"Calvin Coolidge | Miller Center
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